《HEE EUROPEAN CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS:INTERNATIONAL PROTCTION VERSUS NATONAL RE》

General Introduction1

PART ⅠThe Ambiguity of the Eurorean System7

Introducion:Restraining or Legitimating the Rcason or State?7

Ⅰ Derogations8

Ⅱ Exceptions11

Ⅲ Restrictions Notes12

Notes13

CHAPTER ⅠTerrorism15

Ⅰ. Legitimized Restrictions and Derogations18

1-Restrictions Necessary in a Dcmocratic Society18

2-Derogateons Founded on Exceptionai Circumstances22

Ⅱ. Unacceptable Derogations24

1- Prohibition of 111 Treatment24

2-Other Prohibitions27

Notes29

CHAPTER ⅡControl of Aliens31

Ⅰ.Legality32

Ⅱ.Legitimay37

Ⅲ.Democratic Necessity42

A - Proportionality43

1Present threat44

2 Tne tnreat must be genuine ana suincienuy serious45

3 The threat must affect a fundamental interest of society45

B - The Actual Guarantees46

1Availability of remedies47

2 Ensuring that the deprivation of liberty is lawful51

Notes55

CHAPTER ⅢThe Press59

Ⅰ. The Principles Employed in Assessing the Restrictions60

1- The Medium60

A - The Spoken Word and Pictures A re More Subject to Restrictions than the Written Word60

1The licensing system60

2 Monopolies62

B - The Written Word62

1Freedom of the press62

2 The duties imposned on the States63

2 - Content64

A - The Intermediate Protection Afforded to Civil Speech64

B - The Special Protection Given to Political Speech66

1Political speech66

2 Right of access of political organizations to the media68

C - The Lower Degree of Protection Afforded to Commercialdvertising69

1Advertising69

2 The commercial interests of the media70

Ⅱ. Effective Application of the Restrictions71

1 - Protection of the Reputation or Rights of Others71

A - The first Lin gens Case72

B - The Second Lingens Case72

2 - Freedom of Information and Maintaining the Authority and Impartiality of the Judiciary73

A - The Authority of the Judiciary74

B - The Impartiality of the Judiciary75

1The presumption of innocence76

2 Fair hearing77

Notes78

CHAPTER IVPublic Morals83

Ⅰ. The Obligations for the States not to Interfere: A "Fuzzy Logic"84

1 - The Time and Space Criteria of Morals84

A - The Time Factor85

B - The Space Factor85

1The Handyside case85

2 The Dudgeon case86

2 - Variation of the Domestic Margin of Appreciation of the Member States as Regards Morals86

A - The Capacity of the Person Protected87

1The capacity of person subject to protection88

2 The capacity of the person subject to restriction88

B -Nature of the Right Subject to Restrictions89

1Freedom of expression89

2 Right to private life90

Ⅱ. Positive Obligations Imposed upon the States: A Logic of the Unsaid92

1 - The Van Oosterwijk Case93

2 - The Rees Case94

Notes97

PART ⅡThe Resistance of the States101

Introduction: Abuses of the Reason of State101

Notes103

CHAPTER ⅠBelgium105

Ⅰ. Effectiveness: A Measure of Differences105

Ⅱ. Rights to Relative Protection and the National Margin of Appreciation108

1 - The Rights of Persons Held in Detention109

2 - Measures for the Deportation of Foreign Nationals110

3 - Adultery and Homosexuality111

4 - The Duty of Discretion112

5 - Equal Treatment as Between Men and Women113

6 - Telephone Tapping114

7 - Compulsory Scanning and Medical Examinations116

Conclusions116

Notes117

CHAPTER ⅡThe Federal Republic of Germany121

Ⅰ. The Application of the Convention in the Federal Republic Germany121

Ⅱ. Reception of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights by the German Legislature123

Ⅲ. Reception of the Convention by the Judiciary125

Ⅳ. Reception of the Convention by the Doctrine127

Notes128

CHAPTER ⅢFrance131

Ⅰ. Legal Exceptions132

1 - The "Quality" of the Provisions Underlying the Passing of a Sentence Involving a Deprivation of Liberty132

A - Rape133

B - Terrorism133

2 - The "Quality" of the Procedural Rules which Underlie a Deprivation of Liberty134

A - Persons who Have Committed Acts of Terrorism134

B - Aliens136

1Lawfulness of extradition136

2 Lawfulness of expulsions136

3 Lawfulness of the means137

4 Efficiency of available reme138

Ⅱ. Legitimate Restrictions138

1 - Protection of Morals138

A - Positive Evolution138

B - Deficiencies139

1Rape139

2 TranSsexua1ism139

C - Improvements to Be Achieved140

1Voluntary abortion140

2 Placards, publications and films141

2 - Protection of the Rights of Others143

3 - The Prevention of Disorder and Criminal Offences144

A - The Protection of Order144

B - The Prevention of Criminal Offences145

Addendum146

Notes147

CHAPTER ⅣGreece151

Ⅰ. From 1953 to 1969. Criminal Law Policies Founded on the Model of an Authoritarian State152

1 - 1953 to 1967152

2-1967 to 1969154

Ⅱ. From 1974 onwards. Criminal Law Policies under Democracy Founded on a Liberal Model156

1 - The Status and Implementation of the Convention157

2 - The Effectiveness of the Convention in Domestic Law158

A - Individual Fundamental Rights under the Greek Constitution159

1Rights with absolute protection159

2 Rights with relative protection160

B - The Exercise by the Courts of the Dual Control of Constitutionality and Conventionality of the Law163

3 - The Influence of the Convention on Greek Domestic Legislation165

4 - Miscellaneous Restrictive Measures under Greek Legislation165

A - The Right to Liberty166

B - The Right to Correspondence166

C - The Right to Expression166

Notes167

CHAPTER ⅤIberian Peninsula: Spain and Portugal171

Ⅰ. The Convention in Relation to the Two Legal Systems of the Iberian Peninsula173

1 - An Identical Place in the Hierarchy of Norms173

A -Self-executing nature of the Convention173

B -Position of the Convention amongst the Sources of the Law174

2 - A Different Impact on the Constitutional Protection of Human Rights175

A - Spain: A Binding Constitutional Interpretation of Human Rights175

1A desire to align with international protection175

2 Reinforced Protection177

B - Greater Autonomy of the Portuguese Constitutional Protection179

1Incertitude of the Constitutional Court as to its jurisdiction180

2 Autonomous interpretation of the constitutional catalogue of human rights180

3 A more protective constitutional system for restraints on rights181

Ⅱ. Effectiveness of the European System of Protection in the Iberian Peninsula183

1 - Fight Against Terrorism and Press Cases in Spain183

A - Press Cases:Protection Consistent with the Democratic Ideal184

B -Fight Against Terrorism: a Less Strict Respect for the Democratic Ideal185

1Police custody186

2 House searches187

2 - Moral Issues in Portugal: An Attempt at Evaluation187

A -Evolution Away from the European Spirit188

1Questionable status of sexual offences188

2 Abortion: a manifestly disproportionate restraint189

B -Evolution in the European Spirit190

1A more equal indictment of indecent assault190

2 Alignment in the field of lawful restraints190

Addendum191

Notes192

CHAPTER ⅥItaly195

Ⅰ. Rationalisation of Criminal Law Policies under the Convention and the Italian Constitution195

Ⅱ. The Problem of the Integration of the Convention into the Italian Legal System196

Ⅲ. Human Rights and Criminal Law Policies in Italy since World War II197

Ⅳ."Strictly Defined" Human Rights and the Italian System199

Ⅴ. Reasons for Discretionary Limitation of Human Rights (Articles 8-11 of the Convention)202

Ⅵ."Measures Necessary in a Democratic Society" as Defined by the Italian Criminal System204

Note207

CHAPTER ⅦThe Netherlands209

Ⅰ. The Power of the Judiciary and the Legal Status of Treaties within the National Legal System in the Netherlands209

1 - Legal Force210

2 - Domestic Effect210

3 - Direct Effect211

4 - Primacy211

II. The Effect of the Limitations and Exceptions Set out in the European Convention on Human Rights on the National Legal System:The Attitude of the Judiciary in the Netherlands212

1 - Legal Exceptions212

A - Persons of Unsound Mind213

B-Aliens213

C - Prohibition on Free Movement in Certain Places215

2 - Lawful Restrictions under Articles 8 to 11 and Article 2 of the Fourth Protocol215

A -State of the question215

B - The Situation with Regard to Legitimate Limitations in the Netherlands217

1The criminal charge217

2 Preparatory investigation218

3 Sentencing218

4 The consequences of the penalty219

5 Application of penalties: Prisoners219

Notes221

CHAPTER ⅧSweden225

Ⅰ. The Conditions of the Integration225

Ⅱ. Forced Integration227

1 - Preventive Detention in Sweden227

2 - The Skoogstrom and Mc Goff Cases228

A - The Skoogstrom Case: the Facts228

B - The McGoff Case: the Facts229

C - The Applications229

D - The Skoogstrom Settlement230

E - The Implementation of the Skoogstrom Settlement231

3 - Legislative Integration231

Ⅲ. Integration Denied231

1 - A "Dualist" System?233

2 - An Opening?234

3 - A Further Opening?235

4 - Mr. Skoogstrom 's Claim under Article 5 ?5236

Notes238

CHAPTER ⅨSwitzerland241

Ⅰ. General Information242

Ⅱ. Terrorism243

1 - Communication Between the Terrorist in Detention and his Counsel243

2 - Telephone Tapping244

3 - Deprivation of Liberty and Terrorism246

Ⅲ. Control of Aliens246

1 - Protection of the Family247

A - The Concept of Family Life247

B - The Concept of Interference249

C - "Necessary in a Democratic Society"250

2 - Extradition252

Ⅳ. Morals253

1 - Prostitution253

2- Pornography254

A - Muller's Case254

B - Cicciolina256

Notes256

CHAPTER ⅩUnited Kingdom259

Ⅰ. Terrorism259

1 - General Observations259

2 - Sensory Deprivation261

3 - Interrogation262

4 - Arrest, Detention, Internment265

5 - Courts Without Jury (Diplock Courts)268

Ⅱ. Contempt of Court269

1 - The Sunday Times Case270

2 - The Contempt of Court Act 1981273

Notes276

PART ⅢThe Dynamics of the European-State Relation281

Introduction: A "Reasoned" Conception of the Reason of State281

Notes282

CHAPTER ⅠThe Original Canons of Interpretation of the European Court of Human Rights283

Ⅰ. The Establishment of the Canon. The Golder Case286

Ⅱ. The Canons Laid Down in the Vienna Convention288

1 - References to the Vienna Convention and the Normative Nature of the European Convention288

2 - Literal Interpretation288

3 - Preparatory Documents289

4 - Context. Systematic Interpretation290

5 - Teleological Interpretation and the Evolutive Method292

A - The Central Importance of this Method in the Court's Caselaw292

B - Application of the Teleological Method293

C - Determination of the Aim and Purpose of the Convention294

1Concrete and effective rights294

2 A balance between the general interest and the fundamental rights of the individual294

3 The yardstick of democratic standards295

D - Evolutive Interpretation302

Ⅲ. The Canons Outside the Vienna Convention303

1 - The Flexible and Non Formal Interpretation of Certain Provisions303

2 - The Argument of the Absurd or the Choice of the Not Unreasonable Interpretation304

3 - Autonomous Interpretation, Inter-State Comparisons and the National Margin of Appreciation305

Conclusion309

Notes312

CHAPTER ⅡThe Richness of Underlying Legal Reasoning319

Ⅰ. The Multiple Criteria of "Democratic Necessity": Towards a Dialogic Legal Order322

1 - Legality (Criterion A)323

2 - Legitimacy (Criterion B)325

3 - Necessity (Criterion C)326

4 - The Democratic Spirit (Criterion D)327

Ⅱ. The National Margin of Appreciation: Towards a Heterogeneous Space330

1-The European Court's Doctrine331

2 - The Logical Consequences of this Doctrine332

Ⅲ. The Variable Threshold of Compatibility: Towards an Evolutionary System334

1 - Variations According to the Characteristics of the Case334

2 - Variation According to the Time of the Decision337

Notes340

Index343