《INTERNZTIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN A NUTSHELL》

CHAPTER 1. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW1

Ⅰ. Introduction1

Ⅱ. Pre-World War II Law1

1-1. Introduction1

1-2. Human rights and traditional international law2

1-3. Humanitarian intervention3

1-4. Early human rights treaties4

1-5. The League of Nations5

1-6. State responsibility for injury to aliens11

1-7. Humanitarian law14

1-8. The contemporary relevance of the past15

CHAPTER 2. THE UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM17

Ⅰ. Introduction17

Ⅱ. The UN Charter17

2-1. Introduction17

2-2. The San Francisco conference and human rights18

2-3. Human rights in the UN Charter19

Ⅲ. The International Bill Of Human Rights24

2-4. Introduction24

2-5. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights25

2-6. The International Covenants on Human Rights: Introduction3

2-7. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights35

2-8. The Optional Protocol to the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights41

2-9. Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights42

Ⅳ. Other Major UN Human Rights Treaties47

2-10. Introduction47

2-11. The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide47

2-12. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination50

2-13. International Convention on the Suppression and the Punishment of theCrime of Apartheid54

2-14. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women56

2-15. Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment58

Ⅴ. UN Charter-Based Institutions61

2-16. Introduction61

2-17. Commission on Human Rights62

2-18. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities64

2-19. Commission on the Status of Women66

2-20. Procedures for dealing with gross violations of human rights67

2-21. Gross violations of human rights and the UN Charter76

Ⅵ. Specialized Agencies78

2-22. Introduction78

2-23. Their role and activities: bibliographic references79

CHAPTER 3. THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS81

Ⅰ. Introduction81

Ⅱ. The European Convention Of Human Rights: An Overview81

3-1. Introduction81

3-2. Rights guaranteed82

3-3. The Universal Declaration and the Convention83

3-4. Convention institutions84

Ⅲ. The Enforcement Mechanism Of The Convention86

3-5. Introduction86

A. The European Commission Of Human Rights87

3-6. Inter-state complaints87

3-7. Private petitions89

3-8. Admissibility: incompatible, ill-founded, or abuse of the right of petition91

3-9. Exhaustion of domestic remedies and the six-months rule93

3-10. Post-admissibility proceedings98

B. The Committee Of Ministers101

3-11. Adjudicating complaints under Article 32101

3-12. Enforcing judgments under Article 54104

C. The European Court Of Human Rights106

3-13. Jurisdiction106

3-14. The individual's participation in the proceedinge109

3-15. Judgments and decisions111

3-16. Interpretation of the rights guaranteed113

Ⅳ. The European Social Charter116

3-17. Introduction116

3-18. The catalog of rights117

3-19. Legal obligations assumed by the Contracting Parties118

3-20. International measures for enforcement of Charter rights119

CHAPTER 4. THE INTER-AMERICAN HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM123

Ⅰ. Introduction123

Ⅱ. The OAS Charter-Based System125

4-1. Introduction125

4-2. The OAS Charter126

4-3. The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man127

4-4. Commission as Charter organ: its institutional evolution129

4-5. The Commission as Charter organ: its practice135

Ⅲ. The Convention-Based System143

4-6. Introduction143

4-7. The Convention and its guarantees144

4-8. The Convention organs146

A. The Inter-American Commission On Human Rights147

4-9. The Commission as Convention organ8147

B. The Inter-American Court Of Human Rights155

4-10. Jurisdictions of the Court155

4-11. Contentious jurisdiction155

4-12. The Court's powers in contentious cases158

4-13. Advisory jurisdiction162

4-14. Legal effect of advisory opinions165

4-15. Emerging caselaw166

CHAPTER 5. THE AFRICAN SYSTEM OF HUMAN AND PEOPLES' RIGHTS171

Ⅰ. Introduction171

Ⅱ. The Rights And Duties172

5-1. Introduction172

5-2. Individual rights173

5-3. Peoples' rights176

5-4. Duties177

Ⅲ. State Obligations And Measures Of Implementation179

5-5. Introduction179

5-6. State obligations180

5-7. The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights181

5-8. Interstate complaints184

5-9. Individual complaints186

HAPTER 6. HUMANITARIAN LAW190

Ⅰ. Introduction190

Ⅱ. The Geneva Conventions And Protocols191

6-1. Introduction191

6-2. The Geneva Conventions and international armed conflicts192

6-3. The Geneva Conventions and internal armed conflicts: common Article 3196

6-4. Protocol 1198

6-5. Protocol II202

6-6. Humanitarian law and human rights treaties: their interaction205

6-7. The International Committee of the Red Cross207

CHAPTER 7. THE U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS211

Ⅰ. Introduction211

Ⅱ. The U.S. And Human Rights Treaties213

7-1. Introduction213

7-2. Treaties and the U.S. Constitution214

7-3. The U.S. Senate and human rights treaties215

7-4. The Carter Administration and human rights220

7-5. Legal and policy considerations affecting ratification221

7-6. Reservations and similar measures226

Ⅲ. Human Rights Legislation230

7-7. Introduction230

7-8. Military and economic aid cut-off:laws of general applicability232

7-9. Country-specific legislation237

7-10. International financial institutions (IFI's)238

7-11. The Bureau of Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs239

Ⅳ. International Human Rights Law In U.S. Courts242

7-12. Introduction242

7-13. Human rights treaties243

7-14. Customary international law245

CHAPTER 8. NON-GOVERNMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS247

Ⅰ. Introduction247

Ⅱ. International Activities248

8-1. Introduction248

8-2. The NGO's as international lobbyists250

8-3. The NGO's and international judicial and quasi-judicial proceedings252

Ⅲ. National Activities255

8-4. Introduction255

8-5. Influencing human rights foreign policy256

Subject Index259

Author Index279