《International economic law》

Chapter Ⅰ. Introduction1

1. Definition of International Economic Law1

2. A New International Economic Order - programme or reality?3

Chapter Ⅱ. The subjects of International Economic Law9

1. The widening of the notion of subjects of international law9

2. The actors of international economic law11

(a) States and entities created by a State11

(b) Multinational enterprises12

Chapter Ⅲ. Sovereignty in International Economic Law19

1. Basic notions19

(a) Absolute sovereignty19

(b) Relative sovereignty and interdependence19

(c) Sovereign equality20

2. Economic facts and sovereignty22

(a) In inter-State relations22

(b) Inside a State23

Chapter Ⅳ The sources of International Economic Law29

1. The classical sources of international law29

(a) International conventions29

(b) Agreements in simplified form33

(c) Customary international law33

(d) General principles of law34

(e) Subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law34

2. United Nations General Assembly resolutions - a new source of international economic law?34

3. International economic soft law39

4. Agreements between a State and a foreign investor42

Chapter Ⅴ The State in International Economic Law47

1. Territory47

(a) Frontiers on land47

(b) Law of the sea49

(c) Air and Outer space52

2. Nationality53

(a) Nationality of physical persons53

(b) Nationality of corporations55

(c) Nationality of ships57

(d) Nationality of aircraft58

3. Governmental power58

(a) Delimitation in time58

(b) Delimitation in space60

(c) Sharing and abandonment of governmental power64

Chapter Ⅵ. Bilateral inter-State economic relations65

1. The right of diplomatic protection65

2. The role of diplomatic and consular personnel in international economic law68

Chapter Ⅶ. General notions on the role of international organizations in international law71

1. The need for control and regulation71

2. The legal personality of an international organization73

3. Political integration as a result of economic integration74

4. Forms of participation in international economic organizations77

5. Structures of international organizations79

6. The formulation of the will in the organs of international organizations81

7. Financing of international organizations83

Chapter Ⅷ. Some succinct remarks on specific organizations85

1. The role of the United Nations in international economic relations85

2. The GATT86

3. The International Monetary Fund87

4. Other monetary organizations89

5. Organizations for market control89

6. Development aid90

7. Regional associations abolishing tariffs between their members91

8. Other regional organizations92

Chapter Ⅸ. Joint inter-State enterprises95

Chapter Ⅹ. Individuals in International Economic Law97

Chapter Ⅺ Basic economic rights of States99

1. Permanent sovereignty99

2. Non-intervention in domestic affairs100

3. Right to protection against transborder and global environmental hazards and interferences100

4. Right to react to wireless transmission, remote sensing and internet communications103

5. Right to cultural identity105

6. Right to control emigration and immigration105

7. Right of transit107

8. State immunity108

9. Monopoly of power in a territory115

(a) Principle of territoriality and ordre public115

(b) Derogations from the principle of territoriality117

(c) Territoriality principle and nationalization against adequate compensation118

(d) Localization of immaterial rights120

(Ⅰ) In general120

(Ⅱ) Doctrine of severance122

(e) Claims for production of documents124

(r) Claims for recognition of foreign prohibitive measures125

Chapter Ⅻ. Human rights of economic value127

1. The right to own property127

2. Equality131

Chapter ⅩⅢ. Property rights of aliens133

1. Protection of acquired rights133

2. Compensation139

3. Lumpsum compensation agreements141

4. The general standard of protection143

5. Good faith as a basis for increased protection144

(a) Promises in the law of the host State145

(b) Promises in a contract between the host State and a foreign investor145

6. Investment protection treaties149

7. Insurance against non-commercial risks150

Chapter ⅩⅣ Problems of State responsibility in International Economic Law153

Chapter ⅩⅤ Dispute settlement in International Economic Law157

1. In international organizations157

2. Disputes between a State and a foreign investor158

Chapter ⅩⅥ. Economic warfare159

1. The use of economic force159

2. The methods of economic warfare161

3. The neutrals and economic warfare163

Chapter ⅩⅦ. Conclusions169

Notes171

Selected bibliography259

Alphabetical index of cases263

Chronological index of Austrian and German cases279

Keyword index285