《INTERNATIONAL LAW VOLUME III INTERNATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW》求取 ⇩

INTRODUCTION1

PART ONE FUNDAMENTALS5

1—MEANING AND TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS5

1.Meaning5

2.Types5

3.Judicial Classifications7

2—THE POLITICAL ELEMENT IN INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS15

1.Composition16

2.Initiative16

3.Applicable Rules18

4.Voting Rules20

5.Governmental Instructions22

6.Legal and Political Disputes22

3—THE CONSENSUAL BASIS OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS24

1.The Interpretation of Constituent Instruments25

2.Freedom of Member States and Effectiveness of Institutional Activities29

3.Right to Membership30

4.The Position of Non-Member States31

5.Conclusions35

4—JURISDICTION： GENERAL RULES37

1.Self-Determination of Jurisdiction37

2.Exclusiveness of Jurisdiction39

3.Extraneous Jurisdiction41

5—IMPLIED JURISDICTION48

1.Implied Powers in an Internationally Prescribed Regime49

2.“ Necessarily ” Implied Powers52

3.Powers Implied in Duties60

4.Renunciation of Powers60

5.Effects of ultra vires Action61

6—IMPLIED JURISDICTION AND THE nemo judex in sua causa MAXIM Ⅰ—THE PLACE OF THE MAXIM IN INTERNATIONAL LAW64

1.Meaning and Scope of the nemo judex in sua causa Maxim64

2.International Law and the nemo judex in sua causa Maxim67

7—IMPLIED JURISDICTION AND THE nemo judex in sua causa MAXIM Ⅱ—THE MAXIM IN INTERNATIONAL JUDICIAL PRACTICE72

1.The Maxim and the League Covenant72

2.The Maxim in the Domestic Law of International Institutions81

3.Evaluation86

8—THE DISSOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS88

1.Express Powers of Dissolution88

2.Implied Powers of Dissolution90

3.The Dissolution of International Institutions in International Judicial Practice94

9—CONTINUITY AND DISCONTINUITY IN THE LAW OF INTER-NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS99

1.Lessons from International Customary Law99

2.Lessons from Treaty Practice100

3.The Problem in International Judicial Practice102

4.Conclusions113

10—THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN PERSPECTIVE115

1.The Notion of International Constitutional Law116

2.International Constitutional Law in International Judicial Practice117

3.Judicial Tests of International Constitutional Law122

PART TWO THE UNITED NATIONS129

11—WORKING HYPOTHESES129

1.Character and Structure Tests129

2.Institutional and Integrational Tests131

12—PURPOSES Ⅰ—ENDS AND MEANS IN THE CHARTER134

1.General Problems135

2.The Hierarchy of the Stated Purposes138

3.The Individual Purposes140

13—PURPOSES Ⅱ—THE STATICS OF THE CHARTER149

1.The Principle of Self-determination150

2.Fundamental Rights and Freedoms153

14—PURPOSES Ⅲ—THE DYNAMICS OF THE CHARTER156

1.Action under the Charter156

2.Other Techniques158

15—PURPOSES Ⅳ—THE IMPACT OF UNITED NATIONS IDEOLOGIES ON THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE168

1.The Purge of the Court168

2.The Consensus Invoked171

3.The Standing of a“Co-operative”Court172

16—SYSTEM Ⅰ—THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS178

1.The League Design178

2.The Pacific Settlement of International Disputes179

3.Collective Security181

4.Interdependence of the Constituent Elements182

5.Other League Tasks185

17—SYSTEM Ⅱ—THE UNITED NATIONS188

1.Hegemonial Relations188

2.The Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes191

3.Peace-keeping and Coercive Measures197

4.General Powers of Peace-keeping？200

18—PRINCIPLES Ⅰ—GENERAL206

1.Functions of the Principles206

2.Jus cogens Character of the Principles206

19—PRINCIPLES Ⅱ—SOVEREIGN EQUALITY—GOOD FAITH—PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT—PROHIBITION OF FORCE—COLLECTIVE ASSISTANCE211

1.Sovereign Equality211

2.Good Faith214

3.The Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes216

4.Prohibition of the Threat or Use of Force217

5.Collective Assistance220

20—PRINCIPLES Ⅲ—RESPONSIBILITY FOR WORLD ORDER—DOMESTIC JURISDICTION222

1.Responsibility for World Order222

2.Domestic Jurisdiction229

21—PRINCIPLES Ⅳ—EVALUATION， CODIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT235

1.Evaluation235

2.Codification and Development237

22—MEMBERSHIP Ⅰ—UNIVERSALITY—MEMBERSHIP QUALIFICATIONS242

1.Universality and Membership242

2.Membership Qualifications247

23—MEMBERSHIP Ⅱ—JURISDICTION—SUSPENSION AND TERMINATION OF MEMBERSHIP—LEGAL EFFECTS256

1.Jurisdiction regarding Admission256

2.Suspension and Termination of Membership258

3.Legal Effects of Membership260

24—ORGANISATION269

1.Members and Organs269

2.Principal and Subsidiary Organs271

3.Organs and Agents274

4.Organisation： Specialised Aspects275

25—THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY Ⅰ—VERALL ASSESSMENTS AND GENERAL POWERS277

1.Judicial Overall Assessments278

2.General Powers282

26—THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY Ⅱ—PEACE-KEEPING POWERS286

1.Character of Peace-Keeping Powers286

2.The Responsibilities of the General Assembly286

3.Action under Article 11（2），U.N.Charter287

27—THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY Ⅲ—BUDGETARY POWERS291

1.The Purposes of Article 17291

2.Consideration and Approval of the U.N.Budget292

3.Expenses of the Organisation293

4.Apportionment296

28—THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY Ⅳ—SUPERVISORY POWERS300

1.Supervision of Secondary and Subsidiary Organs301

2.Supervision of Trust Territories304

3.Supervision of League Mandates307

29—THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY Ⅴ—ORGANISATIONAL POWERS319

1.Categories319

2.Significance321

30—THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY Ⅵ—IMPLIED POWERS323

1.Relevant Considerations323

2.Particular Implied Powers325

31—THE SECURITY COUNCIL327

1.The Concert of Europe327

2.The League Council329

3.The Security Council330

32—THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅰ—POWERS336

1.Representative Powers336

2.Administrative Powers338

3.Political Powers343

4.Hybrid Powers345

33—THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅱ—RELATIONS WITH THE COURT347

1.Governing Factors347

2.Duties of the Secretary-General under the Court’s Statute348

3.Uninvited Statements349

4.Conflicting Functions350

34—THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅲ—U.N.SERVICE LAW： THE JOINT APPEALS BOARD AND THE UNITED NATIONS ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNAL354

1.Administrative Review （Stage 1）—The Joint Appeals Board （Stage 2）355

2.The United Nations Administrative Tribunal （Stage 3）360

35—THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅳ—U.N.SERVICE LAW：REVIEW AND REVISION PROCEEDINGS369

1.The Screening Committee （Stage 4）370

2.Review by the International Court of Justice（Stage 5）373

3.Co-ordination of the Tribunal with the Court（Stage 6）382

4.Interpretation and Revision of Judgments of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal （Stage 7）383

5.Evaluation385

36—THE SECRETARY GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅴ—U.N.SERVICE LAW：RULES APPLIED AND RULES REJECTED387

1.The Place of the Administrative Tribunals in the Judicial Hierarchy389

2.Legal Rules Applied391

3.Rules Rejected399

37—THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅵ—U.N.SERVICE LAW：THE CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUE403

1.The Administrative Tribunals and the Constitutional Issue403

2.Purposes Articles405

3.Jurisdictional Articles407

4.Imperative Articles410

5.An Evolving Judicial Policy？416

38—THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅶ—U.N.SERVICE LAW：REGULATORY AND CONSENSUAL ELEMENTS418

1.Terminology418

2.Criteria for Distinction418

3.Residual Issues422

4.Evaluation423

39—THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅷ—U.N.SERVICE LAW：SERVICE CONTRACTS （Ⅰ）：PARTIES — FORMATION — TYPES — LEGAL EFFECTS425

1.Parties425

2.Formation428

3.Types430

4.Legal Effects437

40—THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅸ—U.N.SERVICE LAW：SERVICE CONTRACTS （Ⅱ）：INTERPRETATION—SEPARATION FROM SERVICE—REMEDIES438

1.Interpretation438

2.Separation from Service442

3.Remedies447

41—THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅹ—U.N.SERVICE LAW：ABUSE OF POWERS449

1.Demarcation Lines450

2.Judicial Formulae and Tests452

3.Abuses of Powers Established455

4.The Elastic Frontiers of Judicial Review457

42—THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND SECRETARIAT Ⅹ—THE CHARACTERISTICS OF UNITED NATIONS SERVICE LAW464

1.The Character of the Administrative Tribunals464

2.The Character of the Parties467

3.The Character of the Disputes468

4.The Character of the Law Applied468

5.The Character of the Evidence of Law470

6.Synopsis472

43—VOTING RULES475

1.The Character of Voting Rules475

2.League of Nations Voting Rules480

3.United Nations Voting Rules483

44—STATUS Ⅰ—LEGAL CAPACITY488

1.The Test Applied488

2.The International Personality of the United Nations489

3.The Scope of the International Personality of the United Nations491

4.The United Nations and the International Court of Justice492

45—STATUS Ⅱ—PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES495

1.The League Pattern496

2.The United Nations Pattern497

3.Facets of International Immunity500

46—STATUS Ⅲ—AUTONOMY507

1.Aspects of Autonomy507

2.The League Approach508

3.The United Nations Approach509

4.The Appropriateness of Legal Restraints510

5.The Rationale of Autonomy513

47—OVERALL CHARACTERISATIONS516

1.Classification of the Assessments516

2.Assessment of the Assessments517

3.Defining the United Nations522

PART THREE INTER-GOVERNMENTAL UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES525

48—INTER-GOVERNMENTAL UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES：COMMON CHARACTERISTICS525

1.Universalism526

2.Treaty Basis526

3.Legal Capacity531

4.Relations Agreements533

5.Purposes535

6.Structure536

7.Powers537

49—BASES OF JUDICIAL JURISDICTION Ⅰ—COMMON JURISDICTIONAL PROVISIONS—THE I.L.O.MODEL 1919—THE I.L.O.MODEL 1945-46539

1.Common Jurisdictional Provisions539

2.The I.L.O.Model 1919542

3.The I.L.O.Model 1945-46546

50—BASES OF JUDICIAL JURISDICTION Ⅱ—THE I.M.C.O.MODEL—THE I.C.A.O.MODEL551

1.The I.M.C.O.Model551

2.The I.C.A.O.Model554

51—THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION Ⅰ—PURPOSES—POWERS—JURISDICTION560

1.Purposes560

2.Powers563

3.Jurisdiction564

52—THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION Ⅱ—MEMBERSHIP—ORGANISATION—EVALUATION572

1.Membership572

2.Organisation： The General Scheme576

3.Organisation： The Chief Organs579

4.I.L.O.Ideologies in Judicial Perspective585

53—THE UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL，SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANISATION—THE INTERNATIONAL MARITIME CONSULTATIVE ORGANISATION589

1.U.N.E.S.C.O589

2.I.M.C.O590

54—THE INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANISATION598

1.Purposes598

2.Legal Personality599

3.Membership601

4.Organisation602

5.Evaluation606

Selected Bibliography607

Index of Persons663

Subject Index671