《INTERNATIONAL LAW VOLUME IV INTERNATIONAL JUDICIAL LAW》

INTRODUCTION3

THE PROVINCE OF INTERNATIONAL JUDICIAL LAW3

1.The Optimal Contents3

2.The Unity of International Judicial Law9

3.Uses of International Judicial Law11

PART ONE LANDMARKS21

1—THE JAY TREATY ARBITRATIONS （1798-1804）21

1.The Jay Treaty Tradition22

2.The Institutional Character of the Jay Treaty Commissions24

3.The Degree of Integration attained by the Jay Treaty Commissions26

2—THE JAY TREATY ARBITRATIONS （Continued）30

1.Judicial Character of the Jay Treaty Commissions30

2.The Jay Treaty Lore40

3.Present-Day Relevance of the Jay Treaty Arbitrations43

3—THE ALABAMA CLAIMS ARBITRATION （1872）49

1.Judicial Dicta49

2.Self-Determination of Jurisdiction52

3.The Character of the Tribunal56

4—THE ALABAMA CLAIMS ARBITRATION （Continued）60

1.The Judicial Character of the Alabama Claims Tribunal60

2.The Alabama Tradition69

3.The Contribution of the Alabama Claims Arbitration to International Judicial Law74

4.Present-Day Relevance of the Alabama Claims Arbitration78

5—THE ALABAMA CLAIMS MODEL APPLIED AND MODIFIED81

1.Models Applied81

2.The Newfoundland Lobster Dispute82

3.The Behring Sea Fur-Seal Abritration83

4.The British Guiana-Venezuelan Boundary Dispute87

5.Evaluation91

PART TWO THE HAGUE PEACE SYSTEM（1899；1907-）97

6—INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES97

1.The Catalysts98

2.A Means to Another End99

7—OBJECTIVES AND ANODYNES：MEDIATION AND COMMISSIONS OF INQUIRY102

1.Ends Proclaimed and Means Provided102

2.Good Offices and Mediation104

3.Commissions of Inquiry109

8—THE PERMANENT COURT OF ARBITRATION112

1.A Permanent Court112

2.Wide and Automatic Jurisdiction113

3.A Court？116

9—THE INTERNATIONAL PRIZE COURT118

1.Object118

2.Composition118

3.Jurisdiction118

4.The Court’s Seat119

5.Failure119

6.A Puzzle119

10—CONTRIBUTION TO INTERNATIONAL JUDICIAL LAW121

1.Jus Dispositivum122

2.The Object of Arbitration123

3.The Arbitrators123

4.Jurisdiction124

5.Procedure126

6.Award127

7.Costs129

8.The Court in Action130

11—PRESENT-DAY RELEVANCE136

1.An Expanding System136

2.Legends137

3.Realities138

4.Plus Ca Change142

5.Exploring Pastures New143

6.The Hague and U.N.Peace Systems145

12—PRESENT-DAY RELEVANCE （Continued）150

1.A Traumatic Experience150

2.Reformist Responses155

3.Conjectural Jurisprudence to the Rescue161

4.The Sincerest Form of Flattery165

PART THREE THE PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE（1921-1946）171

13—GENESIS， TASKS， ORGANISATION AND JURISDICTION171

1.Genesis171

2.Tasks173

3.Organisation174

4.Jurisdiction179

14—PROCEDURE AND EVIDENCE184

1.Procedure184

2.Evidence190

15—JUDGMENTS AND ADVISORY OPINIONS193

1.Judgment-Making193

2.The Law Applied194

3.Types of Judgment195

4.Legal Effects198

5.Interpretation and Revision199

6.Judgment on Appeal202

7.Costs203

8.Execution203

9.Advisory Opinions205

16—THE COURT IN ACTION209

1.The Wimbledon Case （1923）209

2.The Austro-German Customs Union Case （1931）216

17—FUNCTIONS225

1.The Post-1919 Quasi-Order225

2.A Permanent Court？229

18—FUNCTIONS （Continued）235

1.A Court of International Justice？235

2.A World Court？253

PART FOUR THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE（1946-）263

19—GENESIS—TASKS263

1.Genesis： The Problem of Continuity263

2.Tasks270

20—THE JUDICIAL CORPS Ⅰ—THE JUDICIAL IMAGE275

1.The Statutory Model275

2.Nominations283

3.Elections287

4.The Request that was Never Made291

21—THE JUDICIAL CORPS Ⅱ—CHALLENGES296

1.The Expanding Constituencies296

2.Entrenched Positions299

3.Tests of the Court’s Composition302

4.Triennial Elections304

5.Tentative Challenges and Responses306

22—THE JUDICIAL CORPS Ⅲ—DYNAMICS311

1.Redistribution of Seats311

2.Impact of the South West Africa （Namibia） Crisis315

3.Judicial Consensus， Conformity and Credibility in Adversity319

23—ORGANISATIONAL AUTONOMY Ⅰ—FORMS325

1.The Triangular Nexus326

2.Open， Closed and Secret Self-Administration331

24—ORGANISATIONAL AUTONOMY Ⅱ—JUDICIAL INCOMPATIBILITIES345

1.Statutory Provisions345

2.P.C.I.J.Practice346

3.I.C.J.Practice Phase One： 1947-1959351

4.I.C.J.Practice Phase Two： 1960-1978351

5.I.C.J.Practice Phase Three： The Post-Crisis Period362

6.Evaluation370

25—ORGANISATIONAL AUTONOMY Ⅲ—AD HOC JUDGES374

1.The Areas of Discretion375

2.Powers of Appointment376

3.Judicial Reasonings380

26—ORGANISATIONAL AUTONOMY Ⅳ—AD HOC CHAMBERS391

1.Marginally Useful？391

2.Composition equals Number？392

3.Acting on Expert-Advice396

27—ORGANISATIONAL AUTONOMY Ⅴ—THIRD-STATE INTERVENTION399

1.Models399

2.Statutory Provisions400

3.Judicial Practice401

4.A Fijian Experience403

5.A Mirror Image406

6.Evaluation408

28—ORGANISATIONAL AUTONOMY Ⅵ—EXTERNAL RELATIONS412

1.Meaning412

2.Categories413

3.Evidence413

4.The Founders’ Intentions414

5.Contacts415

29—ORGANISATIONAL AUTONOMY Ⅶ—EVALUATION426

1.Judicial Discretion426

2.Accountability and Credibility427

30—JURISDICTION Ⅰ—BASIC ISSUES428

1.The Wider Context428

2.The Place of Jurisdiction in International Judicial Law429

3.Terminological Innovations431

4.Determination of Jurisdiction436

31—JURISDICTION Ⅱ—FORMS449

1.Traditional Classifications449

2.The Common Denominator453

3.What is Wanting？454

4.Ancillary Forms455

5.Formal and Material Jurisdiction457

6.Synopsis457

32—JURISDICTION Ⅲ—CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS459

1.Access to the Court459

2.Initiation of Proceedings462

3.Minimal Scope of Automatic Jurisdiction472

4.Evaluation475

33—JURISDICTION Ⅳ—MODALITIES482

1.Ad hoc Jurisdiction484

2.Automatic Jurisdiction （Closed）489

3.Automatic Jurisdiction （Open）493

34—JURISDICTION Ⅴ—MANDATORY AND DISCRETIONARY JURISDICTION：Contentious Jurisdiction （Primary）510

1.Statutory Provisions510

2.Ex officio Examination511

3.Priorities511

4.Determination of Jurisdiction512

5.Pointers512

6.“Pre-Preliminary” Issues？513

7.Case Law514

8.Evaluation522

35—JURISDICTION Ⅵ—MANDATORY AND DISCRETIONARY JURISDICTION：Contentious Jurisdiction （Auxiliary）—Provisional Measures527

1.Statutory Powers527

2.Supplementing the Statutes529

3.The P.C.I.J.Record532

4.The I.C.J.Record536

5.Evaluation547

36—JURISDICTION Ⅶ—MANDATORY AND DISCRETIONARY JURISDICTION：Contentious Jurisdiction （Auxiliary）—Counter-Claims555

1.Issues-in-Chief556

2.Judicial Practice558

3.Evaluation560

37—JURISDICTION Ⅷ—MANDATORY AND DISCRETIONARY JURISDICTION：Advisory Jurisdiction563

1.P.C.I.J.Practice563

2.I.C.J.Practice565

38—JURISDICTION Ⅸ—EVALUATION577

1.Consensual Basis577

2.Potential and Actual Jurisdiction578

3.Jus Cogens and Jus Aequum Elements579

4.Formal and Material Exercise of Jurisdiction579

39—PROCEDURE Ⅰ—LAW-CREATING PROCESSES581

1.Treaty Law581

2.International Customary Law583

3.General Principles of Law Recognised by Civilised Nations584

4.Judicial Practice585

5.The Governing Rules589

40—PROCEDURE Ⅱ—PRINCIPLES590

1.Consent591

2.Good Faith592

3.Party Autonomy593

4.Party Initiative593

5.Party Equality596

6.Exclusiveness of Proceesings603

7.Freedom of Judicial Evaluation604

8.Judicial Direction606

41—PROCEDURE Ⅲ—RULES AND PRACTICES609

1.Dividing Lines610

2.Borderline Cases611

3.Trends in Rule-Revision614

42—PROCEDURE Ⅳ—EVALUATION619

1.Maximal Scope of Judicial Discretion619

2.Abuses of International Procedure Law625

3.Judicial Rule-Making628

43—EVIDENCE Ⅰ—PRINCIPLES632

1.A Working Hypothesis632

2.Law-Creating Processes635

3.Principles of International Evidential Law636

44—EVIDENCE Ⅱ—RULES AND PRACTICES640

1.Forms of Evidence640

2.Burden of Proof641

3.Judicial Evaluation of Evidence643

45—EVIDENCE Ⅲ—EVALUATION645

1.Classification645

2.Jus Aequum？648

3.Two Hypothetical Cases651

46—JUDGMENT Ⅰ—FUNDAMENTALS654

1.Law-Creating Processes654

2.Forms of Decisions656

3.Types of Decisions657

4.Legal Effects659

5.Non Liquet？662

47—JUDGMENT Ⅱ—GENESIS666

1.The Process of Decision-Making667

2.Consensus and Judicial Reasoning672

3.The End-Product674

48—JUDGMENT Ⅲ—EMENDATION678

1.Common Characteristics678

2.Rectification679

3.Interpretation680

4.Revision683

5.Evaluation687

49—JUDGMENT Ⅳ—COMPLIANCE693

1.Declaratory and Executory Judgments694

2.Consensual Arrangements695

3.Judicial Practice697

50—JUDGMENT Ⅴ—NULLITY700

1.Break-Down of the Problem701

2.Judicial Practice704

51—JUDGMENT Ⅵ—COUNSELLING709

1.Safeguards of Judicial Integrity710

2.Advice Asked716

3.Advice Taken and Advice Ignored718

4.Advice Unasked719

52—JUDGMENT Ⅶ—EVALUATION721

1.Consensus721

2.Jus Cogens723

3.Jus Aequum724

4.World Quasi-Order724

CONSPECTUS727

1.Power729

2.Law730

3.Equity730

APPENDICES737

Ⅰ—UNITED NATIONS CHARTER （1945）：CHAPTER ⅩⅣ： THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE737

Ⅱ—STATUTE， INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE738

Ⅲ—1978 RULES OF COURT， NTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE750

Ⅳ—（1976） RESOLUTIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE781

Ⅴ—DECLARATIONS AND RESERVATIONS UNDER ARTICLE 36，STATUTE， I.C.J786

Ⅵ—HAGUE CONVENTION Ⅰ ON THE PACIFIC SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES （1907）786

Ⅶ—PARTIES TO HAGUE CONVENTIONS I OF 1899 AND 1907796

Ⅷ—MANILA RESOLUTION AND DECLARATION ON THE PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES797

Ⅸ—PROCLAMATION OF 1986 AS THE YEAR OF PEACE802

Ⅹ—INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES803

GLOSSARY OF KEY WORDS AND SPECIALISED TERMS811

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON INTERNATIONAL JUDICIAL LAW823

INDEX OF PERSONS889

SUBJECT INDEX891