《The regulation of international economic relations through law》

PART ONESOME GENERAL COMMENTS ON THE REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS THROUGH LAW1

Chapter 1. Introduction3

1. Historical developments - response to changing needs3

2. Comments on this development5

3. Current position - the use of international agreements6

4. The significance of international organisations7

5. Norm-making by international organisations8

6. Decisions of international organisations9

7. Resolutions adopted by international organisations9

8. Some shortcomings in the above developments11

9. Expansion of the scope of international law11

10. Conclusions14

Notes15

Chapter 2. The regulation of international economic relations through multilateral agreements and international organisations20

1. Introduction20

2. The impact of multilateral economic agreements21

2.1. The manner in which they operate23

3. Factors that influence the conclusion of multilateral economic agreements24

4. Parties to multilateral economic agreements26

5. Economic organisations created by multilateral agreements28

6. Membership of international economic organisations29

6.1. Withdrawal from membership32

6.2. Suspension of membership34

7. The legal personality of such organisations35

8. Conclusions38

Notes39

Chapter 3. An overview of specific multilateral economic agreements43

1. Introduction43

2. Agreements that are comprehensive in scope and intensity44

2.1. An overview of the EEC treaty in comparison with other agreements in this category45

3. Agreements that are comprehensive in scope but not in intensity50

3.1. ECE and similar organisations51

3.2. CMEA (Comecon)54

4. Agreements that are intensive in the manner in which they regulate specific matters56

4.1. GATT and similar organisations57

4.2. Commodity agreements61

4.3. History of commodity agreements61

4.4. The future of commodity agreements64

5. Conclusions66

Notes68

PART TWOINTERNATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTILATERAL ECONOMIC AGREEMENTS81

Chapter 4. Policy and norm-making function83

1. Introduction83

2. Determination of policy84

3. The norm-making function (legislative?) of international economic organisations89

3.1. Decisions91

3.2. Codes of conduct101

3.3. The role of resolutions in norm-making106

4. Procedure for the adoption of norms of conduct109

4.1. Requirement of unanimity110

4.2. Consensus decisions111

4.3. Special majorities112

4.4. Simple majorities113

4.5. Weighted majorities113

5. Conclusions115

Notes117

Chapter 5. The executive function122

1. Introduction122

2. The role of the executive123

2.1. In organisations created by agreements which are comprehensive in scope and intensity124

2.2. In organisations created by agreements which are narrow in scope127

2.3. In organisations created by agreements which are comprehensive in scope but not in intensity133

3. Controlling function in the main organ134

4. Actual role of executive and administrative organs135

5. Committees and sub-committees136

6. Regional conferences143

7. Conclusions143

Notes145

Chapter 6. The function of determining rights and obligations149

1. Introduction149

2. Resolution of disputes150

3. Resolution of disputes in an amicable manner153

3.1. Consultations153

3.2. Negotiations158

3.3. Investigations and recommendations161

3.4. Some comments on the above manner of resolving disputes166

4. Quasi-judicial tribunals167

5. Conciliation168

6. Arbitration169

6.1. The effects of private international law170

6.2. Specific provisions171

6.3. Reference to arbitration173

6.4. Place of arbitration174

6.5. Specific procedures175

6.6. Jurisdiction177

6.7. Constitution178

6.8. Hearings and decisions181

6.9. The requirements of ex aequo et bono182

6.10. Binding nature of decisions183

6.11. Conclusions184

7. Tribunals of a judicial nature185

7.1. Permanent tribunals186

7.2. Ad hoc tribunals192

7.3. Use of the executive organ to discharge a function of a judicial nature197

7.4. Use of the ICJ in dispute settlement202

8. An evolving hierarchy of courts204

9. Review of administrative action206

10. Parties which could appear before a tribunal212

11. Nature of the jurisdiction - mandatory or voluntary218

12. Procedure followed by such tribunals220

13. The nature of the decision222

14. Conclusions226

Notes227

Chapter 7. The enforcement of international economic norms236

1. Introduction236

2. The enforcement of international economic agreements with no provisions on sanctions237

3. Agreements containing provisions on sanctions241

4. Unilateral retaliation242

5. Retaliation which is authorised by the organisation246

6. Joint sanctions247

7. Factors that militate against the use of sanctions for the enforcement of economic norms253

8. Conclusions259

Notes259

PART THREECONCLUSIONS263

Bibliography269

Index277