《INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS》

PART Ⅰ. THE LEGAL STRUCTURE OF THE REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS2

Chapter 1. The Policies Underlying International Economic Relations2

1.1International Economic Relations and the Law2

1.2 The Growth and Importance of International Trade8

1.3 Economic Theory and International Economic Policy10

1.4 Political Goals and International Economic Policy28

Appendix30

Chapter 2. International Commercial Transactions35

2.1Introduction35

2.2 International Sales Transactions38

2.3 Resolving International Commercial Disputes63

2.4 Problem71

Chapter 3. The United States Constitution and Regulation of International Economic Affairs74

3.1Introduction to Chapters 3 and 474

3.2 The United States Constitution and International Economic Relations77

3.3 International Agreements and U.S. Law112

3.4 Presidential Authority and Trade Legislation in the United States128

3.5 The Courts and Foreign Relations160

3.6 Federal-State Relations and International Economic Regulation169

Chapter 4. National Government Regulation of International Economic Transactions196

4.1Introduction196

4.2 The European Community199

4.3 Japan223

4.4 Nonmarket Economies244

4.5 Developing Countries246

Chapter 5. International Economic Regulation and the Bret-ton Woods System251

5.1Introduction to International Economic Law and Institutions251

5.2 International Law: Role of Custom and Treaties--Individual Rights and State Responsibility258

5.3 Multilateral Economic Treaties and Institutions: The Bretton Woods System270

5.4 The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade293

5.5 GATT Trade Negotiating Rounds324

5.6 Dispute Resolution and Sanctions in GATT332

5.7 The International Economic Regulatory System Viewed as a Whole: Problems to Consider357

PART Ⅱ. REGULATORY PRINCIPLES AND IMPORT RESTRAINTS: THE CORE OF THE SYSTEM362

Chapter 6. Tariffs, Quotas and Nontariff Barriers362

6.1Introduction362

6.2 National Tariffs and Customs Law369

6.3 GATT and International Tariff Commitments: The Bindings395

6.4 Quotas and Their Application420

Chapter 7. Nondiscrimination and the Most-Favored-Nation Clause428

7.1The Most-Favored-Nation Obligation428

7.2MFN in Operation443

7.3 Customs Unions and Free Trade Areas454

7.4 Preferences and MFN Exceptions464

7.5 The Future of MFN in GATT481

Chapter 8. The National Treatment Clause and Nontariff Barriers483

8.1Introduction483

8.2 The National Treatment Obligation in Operation486

8.3 Exception for National Social and Economic Programs510

8.4 Government Purchases522

8.5 Product Standards and Technical Barriers to Trade532

Chapter 9. Escape Clauses, Safeguards and Adjustment Policies538

9.1Introduction: The Policies and History of Safeguard Measures538

9.2 The Prerequisites and Causal Requirements of an Escape Clause Remedy550

9.3 Remedies and Procedures for Escape Clause Cases591

9.4 Voluntary Restraint Agreements and Special Safeguards Techniques609

9.5 Adjustment Assistance623

9.6 Safeguards and Structural Adjustment: The Puzzle and Prospects for Reform629

Chapter 10. Responses to Unfair Acts in International Trade648

10.1Introduction648

10.2 Dumping and Antidumping Duties653

10.3 Subsidies and Countervailing Duties723

10.4 Additional Remedies for Unfair Trade Practices789

10.5 Retaliation in Trade Policy: Section 301 Actions802

PART Ⅲ. SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF REGULATING INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS826

Chapter 11. Monetary Affairs and Trade Policy: Operation of the International Monetary Fund826

11.1Introduction826

11.2 Operations of the International Monetary Fund: International Liquidity845

11.3 International and National Regulation of Foreign Exchange Restrictions861

11.4 Trade Measures for Balance of Payments Reasons873

Chapter 12. Export Controls Under GATT and National Law883

12.1Introduction883

12.2 International Regulation of Export Controls887

12.3 United States Export Control Law893

Chapter 13. Trade Controls for National Security and Political Purposes911

13.1Introduction: Historical Background911

13.2 International Rules and National Security and Political Controls on Trade915

13.3 U.S. Trade Controls for National Security Purposes918

13.4 U.S. Trade Controls for Foreign Policy Purposes925

13.5 The Extraterritorial Application of Trade Controls928

13.6 The Effectiveness of Trade Controls Imposed for National Security or Foreign Policy Purposes939

13.7 A Case Study: United Nations Sanctions Against Rhodesia944

13.8 Foreign Use of Trade Controls: U.S. Antiboycott Rules951

Chapter 14. International Trade in Agricultural and Other Commodities953

14.1Introduction953

14.2 Agricultural Products and International Trade Rules955

14.3 Commodities and Commodity Agreements970

14.4 Cartels and Producer Alliances982

Chapter 15. International Trade in Services988

15.1Introduction988

15.2 U.S. Law and Trade in Services992

15.3 Negotiating Rules on International Trade in Services993

15.4 A Case Study: Insurance1008

15.5 International Legal Services1016

Chapter 16. International Regulation of National Controls on International Investment1018

16.1Introduction1018

16.2 National Controls on International Investment1028

16.3 International Regulation of National Controls on International Investment1035

16.4 International Law and Expropriation1039

16.5 Alternatives to Investment: Agents, Distributors and Licensing1044

Chapter 17. Multinational Enterprises1047

17.1Introduction1047

17.2 Codes of Conduct for Multinational Enterprise: The Philosophical Problems1049

17.3 The 1976 OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises1057

Chapter 18. Restrictive Business Practices and International Economic Relations1072

18.1Introduction1072

18.2 The Relationship of Competition and Trade Policies1073

18.3 Application of National Antitrust Laws to International Transactions1077

18.4 International Efforts to Control Restrictive Business Practices1095

Chapter 19. Taxation and International Commerce1101

19.1Introduction1101

19.2 Comparative Tax Burdens and Their Effect on International Trade and Investment1102

19.3 Taxation of Multinational Enterprises1107

19.4 U.S. State Taxation of International Trade and Investment1124

PART Ⅳ. MANAGING WORLD ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE1138

Chapter 20. Developing Countries and the GATT System1138

20.1Introduction1138

20.2 GATT Rules and Developing Countries1140

20.3 The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)1154

20.4 Initiatives for a "New International Economic Order" (NIEO)1166

20.5 Developing Countries and the International Debt Crisis1171

Chapter 21. Nonmarket Economies, State Trading and International Economic Regulation1174

21.1Trade Between Market and Nonmarket Economies1174

21.2 GATT and Nonmarket Economies: The Problem of Interface1179

21.3 The United States and Communist Countries1187

21.4 Countertrade1195

Chapter 22. Interdependence and the Industrial Market Economies1202

22.1The Problems of Interdependence1202

22.2 Targeting and Industrial Policy1203

22.3 The Houdaille Case1211

22.4 Levels of Barriers to Trade: A Taxonomic Note1215

Chapter 23. Perspectives and Conclusions1220

23.1Reflecting on the Problems Examined in This Book1220

23.2 Legal Rules or Government Discretion梂hich Model Is Best?1221

23.3 Managing Economic Interdependence1241

INDEX1247