《CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIME AN INTRODUCTION》

part one: CRIMINOLOGY AND THE STUDY OF CRIME1

1: Crime, Law, and Criminology5

What Is Crime?6

Norms and Socialization8

Social Values and Law9

Deviance11

Law in Historical Perspective13

Substantive Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure18

Classification of Crimes23

Criminology as a Discipline24

Summary27

2: Crime Statistics in the United States30

Sources of Crime Data32

The Extent of Known Crime33

Geographical Area and Crime36

Characteristics of Offenders36

Limitations of the Uniform Crime Reports38

The Role of the Police40

Shortcomings of UCR Procedures43

Alternative Sources of Data on Crime47

Victimization Studies55

Summary58

3: Research and Theory in Criminology62

Scientific Inquiry64

Purposes and Types of Research67

The Nature and Purposes of Criminological Theory73

Summary75

part two: PATTERNS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR79

4: Crimes Against the Person83

A Perspective on Violent Offenders84

Domestic Violence: The Battering Family86

Violent Crime in the United States89

Criminal Homicide89

Assault and Battery97

Robbery98

Sexual Offenses and Offenders99

Voyeurism and Indecent Exposure105

Child Molestation107

Summary108

5: Crimes Against Property114

Occasional Property Offenders115

Ordinary Career Criminals116

Professional Criminals117

Burglary118

Larceny-Theft119

The Fence: Criminal Receiver of Stolen Goods122

Motor Vehicle Theft123

Arson126

Confidence Games128

Criminal Careers130

Summary138

6: Economic, Syndicated, and Political Crime141

Economic Crimes143

Syndicated (Organized) Crime155

Political Crimes166

Summary172

7: Consensual Crimes178

Defining Consensual Crime179

Consensual Crimes and Criminal Justice181

Problem Drinking183

Nonmedical Drug Use186

Prostitution194

Gambling198

Abortion201

Decriminalization of Consensual Crimes202

Summary204

8: Female Offenders208

Explanations of Female Criminality209

Current Analyses of Female Crime216

Female Offenders and the Criminal Justice System222

Community Correctional Programs for Female Offenders229

Summary230

part three: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON CRIME AND CRIMINALITY235

9: Classical, Positivist, and Neoclassical Perspectives239

The Classical School of Criminology241

The Positivist School of Criminology246

Social Factors and Criminality250

Economic Conditions and Criminality253

Modern Classical Criminology254

Punishment or Rehabilitation?262

Concluding Observations265

Summary266

10: Economic Conditions and Criminality270

Crime as a Product of Capitalism271

Radical Criminology275

Critical Criminology277

Non-Marxist Economic Interpretations281

Economic Models of Criminality289

Summary291

11: Sociological Theories of Criminality295

Social Pathology296

Social Disorganization297

From Social Disorganization to Differential Social Organization303

Culture Conflict305

Subcultural Theories309

Anomie Theory: Emile Durkheim310

Delinquency and Status Frustration: Albert K. Cohen317

Delinquency and Opportunity: Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin321

Lower-Class Focal Concerns: Walter B. Miller325

Summary328

12: Sociopsychological Theories of Criminality333

Differential Association: Edwin H. Sutherland334

Delinquency and Drift: David Matza and Gresham M. Sykes341

Social Control Theory: Travis Hirschi347

Containment Theory: Walter C. Reckless350

Summary355

13: The Labeling Perspective359

Early Precursors of Labeling360

Emergence of the Labeling Perspective361

Interpersonal Relations364

Organizational Processing368

Collective Rule Making and Enforcement370

Critique371

Conclusions374

Summary376

14: Psychiatric and Psychological Theories of Criminality379

Psychiatry and the Criminality-as-Mental-Illness Approach381

Psychoanalysis and Criminality384

The Search for a "Criminal Personality"387

The Criminal Personality: Yochelson and Samenow389

Learning Theory and Criminality392

Learning Theory and Behavior Modification400

Summary403

15: Biological Theories of Criminality406

Genetics and Criminality411

The Biochemical Approach415

Learning Disabilities and Delinquency416

Epilepsy and Criminality417

Physiological Factors and the Antisocial Personality418

Toward a Biosocial Theory of Criminality423

Summary425

part four: THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE431

16: The Criminal Justice System435

Components of the Criminal Justice System438

Criminal Procedure452

Crime Control Versus Due Process459

Summary461

17: Law Enforcement463

Police Roles and Responsibilities464

The Structure of American Law Enforcement466

Delivery of Police Services469

Coordination with Other Criminal Justice Subsystems480

Job Stress and Police Personnel482

Police Use of Deadly Force484

Professionalism and the Police486

Summary490

18: The Judicial Process494

Initiation of Prosecution495

Plea Bargaining500

Pretrial Motions501

The Criminal Trial502

Sentencing508

Appeal and Postconviction Remedies511

Summary513

19: Corrections518

Confinement: Detention and Imprisonment519

Imprisonment: An Historical Perspective521

The Contemporary Prison528

Alternatives to Confinement533

Summary545

Glossary569

Index582