《INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY》求取 ⇩

1Introduction1

Criminology2

Scientific Research in Criminology3

The Emergence of Criminology5

Crime and Deviance6

Sumner's Types of Norms7

Felony vs. Misdemeanor7

Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita8

Social Change and Law9

Consensus vs. Conflict Model of Law11

Crime and Criminal Law12

Who Defines Crime?13

The Crime Problem13

Summary17

Key Concepts19

2 Research Methods in Criminology21

Theory and Methodology22

The Research Enterprise ofCriminology23

Who Is Criminal?25

Official Police Statistics—The Uniform Crime Report (UCR)26

Issues and Cautions in UCR Data29

Alternative Data Gathering Strategies32

Experiments in Criminology35

Evaluation of Experiments Surveys38

Participant Observation48

Life History and Case Studies51

Unobtrusive Measures51

Validity, Reliability, and Triangulation52

Summary54

Key Concepts56

Box 2.1—Were you a Victim of Crime? 40-41

Box 2.2—Self-Reported Delinquency Items46

3 General Characteristics of Crime and Criminals57

Caution in Crime Data58

Variations in Crime58

The Prevalence of Crime59

Trends in Crime59

Age and Crime68

Sex Differences in Criminality70

Social Class and Crime70

Race and Crime74

Regional Variation in Crime81

Urban-Rural Differences82

Institutions and Crime83

Criminal Typologies90

Summary94

Key Concepts96

Box 3.1—Measuring Crime: A Comparison of Definitions in the UCR and the NCS60-61

Box 3.2—What Is the Role of Youth in Crime?69

Box 3.3—How Many Offenders Are Females? 72-73

Box 3.4—Crime and Minorities 76-77

Box 3.5—Some Sociological Typologies of Criminal Behavior91

4 Occupational and Organizational/Corporate Crime97

White Collar Crime—The Classic Statement98

The Measurement and Cost of Occupational and Corporate Crime100

The History of Corporate,Organizational, and Occupational Crime103

Typologies of "White Collar Crime"105

Legal Regulation107

Occupational Crime111

Organizational/Corporate Crime128

Criminal Careers of Occupational andOrganizational Offenders150

Societal Reaction154

Summary160

Key Concepts162

Box 4.1—"White Collar Crime": Varieties of Definitions101

Box 4.2—Edelhertz's Typology of White Collar Crime112

Box 4.3—Corporate Dumping142

Box 4.4—The Wade System of Sources of Information on American Industry148

5 Violent Crime163

History of Violence in America164

Fads and Fashions in Violent Crime165

Murder and Mayhem166

Victim Precipitation169

Offenders170

Legal Aspects171

Psychiatry and the Law172

The Psychopath174

Statistics175

Patterns and Trends in Violent Crime179

Guns180

Clarke's Typology of Assassins182

Rape184

Robbery190

Violence in the Family193

Drunk Driving196

Criminal Careers of Violent Offenders197

Societal Reaction201

Summary208

Key Concepts211

Box 5.1—Legal Aspects andDefinitions of Violent Crimes171

6 Property Crime: Conventional and Occasional213

Introduction214

Occasional Property Criminal Behavior215

Conventional PropertyCriminals213

Juvenile Gangs231

Arson—A Special Category Offense232

Criminals234

Societal Reaction235

Summary237

Key Concepts239

Box 6.1—Definitions of Common Property Offenses216

Box 6.2—How Much Crime Is There? 218-19

7 Public Order Crime241

Introduction242

Nuts, Guts, Sluts, and"Preverts"242

Legal Aspects243

Criminal Careers of Public Order Criminals252

Societal Reaction272

Summary275

Key Concepts277

Box 7.1—Pornography247

Box 7.2—Laud Humphrey's Tearoom Trade 258-59

Box 7.3—The Strange Career of Captain Richmond Hobson—Moral Entrepreneur264

8 Political Crime279

Ideology280

Political Crime: A Definition280

Legal Aspects282

Crime by Government223

Crimes against Government296

Criminal Careers of Political Criminals306

Societal Reaction308

Summary310

Key Concepts312

Box 8.1—The Universal Declaration of Human Rights286-87

9 Organized (Syndicate) Crime313

Introduction314

Organized Crime: A Problematic Definition314

Sources of Information on Organized Crime315

Vincent Teresa and the Mafia Craze Types of Organized Crime (Generic Definition)316

The Organized Crime Continuum319

Types of Organized Crime (Criminological Definition)321

International Organized Crime322

The Nature of Organized Crime326

The Nature of "The Mafia"328

Theories of the Nature of Syndicate Crime in the U.S.329

The Classic Pattern of Organized Crime334

A Brief History of Organized Crime in the U.S.342

Criminal Careers of OrganizedCriminals349

Public and Legal Reaction350

Summary354

Key Concepts356

10 Professional Crime357

The Concept of" Professional Crime"358

Characteristics of Professional Crime358

A Model of Professional Crime360

Crime Pays?361

Edelhertz's Typology362

Scams362

Big Cons367

Boosters373

The Cannon374

Professional Burglary375

The Box Man376

The Professional Fence377

Paper Hanging378

Professional Robbers379

Professional Arsonists380

Professional Auto Theft Rings381

The Youngstown Gang381

Professional Killers382

Criminal Careers of Professionals383

Societal Reaction385

Summary386

Key Concepts388

11 Criminological Theory Ⅰ:Preclassical to Psychological Theories389

Pure and Applied Theory390

Major Theoretical Approaches391

Demonological Theory393

Classical Theory393

Neoclassical Theory396

Ecological Theory397

Forerunners of Modern Criminological Thought401

Economic Theory402

Positivist Theory404

Multifactor Approach424

Summary424

Key Concepts427

12Criminological TheoryⅡ:Sociological Theories429

Major Sociological Theoretical Approaches in Criminology430

Anomie Theories430

Social Process Theories438

Social Control Theories448

Criminology451

Labeling Theory453

Conflict Theory and Conflict Criminology456

Conflict Criminology457

Criminology459

Criminology461

Critiques of Conflict and Radical Criminology461

Theoretical Range and Criminological Explanation463

Summary465

Key Concepts468

13 The Future of Crime469

Criminological Theory and Social Policy470

Ideology and Social Policy472

Ideological Approaches to Criminal Justice Policy473

The Future of Crime475

Policy Options476

Summary479

Key Concepts480

Appendix481

References489

Name Index513

Subject Index519