《CHORLEY AND GILES SHIPPING LAW》求取 ⇩

PART ONE: THE SHIP1

1 LEGAL DISPUTES INVOLVING SHIPS3

1.1 Introduction3

1.2 Arbitration3

1.3 Jurisdiction of the courts4

1.3.1 Actions in personam5

1.3.2 Actions in rem6

1.4 Arrest7

1.5 Mareva injunctions8

1.6 Sovereign immunity10

1.7 Forum shopping11

1.8 Jurisdiction clauses13

1.9 Choice of law clauses14

2 INTERNATIONAL LAW AND SHIPS15

2.1 The law of the sea15

2.2 Nationality19

2.3 Flag discrimination22

2.4 Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences23

3 REGISTRATION OF SHIPS26

3.1 Introduction26

3.1.1 The Register26

3.1.2 Flags of convenience27

3.1.3 Small Ships Register28

3.2 Co-ownership29

3.3 Name31

3.4 Tonnage32

3.5 Beginning and end of registration33

3.6 British ships requiring registration33

3.7 Effects of registration35

3.8 Means of registration35

4 ACQUIRING OWNERSHIP37

4.1 Miscellaneous methods37

4.1.1 Transmission37

4.1.2 Capture37

4.1.3 Judicial sale38

4.2 Sale and purchase38

4.2.1 Introduction38

4.2.2 Sale of Goods Act 197940

4.2.3 Exemption clauses42

4.2.4 The Saleform Agreement45

5 SHIPBUILDING CONTRACTS50

5.1 Property in the ship50

5.2 Price increases54

5.3 Sellers' obligations54

5.4 Responsibility of purchaser for defects56

6 SHIP MORTGAGES58

6.1 Financing and security58

6.2 Nature of the mortgage59

6.3 Creation and registration60

6.4 Priority of registered mortgages61

6.5 Certificates of mortgage62

6.6 Remedies of the mortgagee63

6.6.1 General63

6.6.2 Use of the ship by the mortgagee64

6.6.3 Sale of a mortgaged ship64

6.6.4 Rights of charterers65

6.7 Unregistered mortgages66

6.7.1 General66

6.7.2 Unfinished ships66

6.8 Bottomry and respondentia68

7 LIENS69

7. 1 Maritime liens70

7.1.1 General70

7.1.2 Categories of maritime lien71

7.2 Statutory rights in rem74

7.2.1 Introduction74

7.2.2 When the rights may be exercised74

7.2.3 Effect of the provisions75

7.2.4 Charterers75

7.2.5 Claims giving rise to the rights76

7.2.6 Procedure77

7.2.7 'Beneficial' ownership77

7.3 Priority78

7.3.1 Priority between different types of lien78

7.3.2 Priority between maritime liens80

8 CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE AND EQUIPMENT82

8.1 Background82

8.2 Unseaworthiness84

8.3 Construction and equipment85

8.4 Load lines89

8.5 Special ships91

8.5.1 Tankers91

8.5.2 Nuclear powered ships95

8.5.3 Submersible craft96

8.6 Crew accommodation97

8.7 Health and safety on board ship98

8.8 Policing the Regulations100

8.8.1 Inspection and detention100

8.8.2 Improvement and prohibition notices102

8.8.3 Dangerous vessels103

8.9 Reporting104

8.10 Inquiries into casualties107

9 MASTER AND CREW109

9.1 Employment and welfare law109

9.1.1 General employment law109

9.1.2 Unlawful discrimination113

9.1.3 Social security115

9.2 General merchant shipping provisions117

9.2.1 Manning and certification generally117

9.2.2 The STCW Convention 1978118

9.2.3 The UK watchkeeping requirements120

9.2.4 The UK certification requirements120

9.2.5 The UK manning requirements124

9.2.6 Miscellaneous requirements126

9.2.7 Unregistered ships126

9.2.8 Inquiries into fitness or conduct127

9.3 The master129

9.3.1 Contract of service129

9.3.2 Log books131

9.3.3 Authority on board133

9.4 The seaman134

9.4.1 Mode of hiring seamen134

9.4.2 The contract of employment135

9.4.3 Remuneration of seamen137

9.4.4 Hazardous voyages141

9.4.5 Repatriation142

9.4.6 Strikes143

9.4.7 Discipline147

9.5 Mariners' civil liability151

9.6 Compensation for injuries at work153

9.7 Mariners' wills161

PART TWO: THE CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA165

10 THE CONTRACT OF AFFREIGHTMENT165

10.1 Introductory165

10.1.1 The business basis165

10.1.2 Common and private carriers166

10.1.3 Absolute liability167

10.1.4 Exception clauses168

10.1.5 Limitation by statute168

10.2 Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971169

10.2.1 Where the Act applies171

10.2.2 No contracting out173

10.3 The two forms of contract174

10.3.1 The charterparty177

10.3.2 Bill of lading177

10.3.3 Relationship between charterparty and bill of lading179

11 RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE PARTIES TO THE CONTRACT OF AFFREIGHTMENT181

11.1 Express and implied terms181

11.1.1 Seaworthiness182

11.1.2 Due dispatch182

11.1.3 Proper route183

11.2 Conditions, warranties and intermediate terms183

11.2.1 Name and nationality of the ship184

11.2.2 Whereabouts of the ship184

11.2.3 Class of ship185

11.2.4 Tonnage185

11.3 Seaworthiness186

11.3.1 Seaworthiness pure and simple187

11.3.2 Cargo worthiness188

11.3.3 Bad stowage189

11.3.4 Excluding liability for seaworthiness191

11.3.5 Statutory seaworthiness192

11.3.6 The seaworthiness undertaking and bills of lading193

11.3.7 Time of seaworthiness196

11.3.8 Effect of breach of the sea worthiness obligation199

11.3.9 Proof of unseaworthiness200

11.4 Carrier's immunities201

11.4.1 Excepted perils and burden of proof201

11.4.2 The catalogue of excepted perils in the Rules203

11.5 Limitation of liability under the Hague-Visby Rules210

11.6 Lower liability by special contract215

11.7 Limitation of actions216

12 PRELIMINARY VOYAGE AND LOADING218

12.1 Cancelling date218

12.2 Exception clauses and the preliminary voyage219

12.3 Nomination of loading port220

12.3.1 Safe port221

12.3.2 As near as she can safely get222

12.4 Shipper's duty to load222

12.4.1 Provide a cargo223

12.4.2 Dangerous goods224

12.5 Time taken for loading225

12.5.1 When laytime starts - the arrived ship problem226

12.5.2 Length of laytime228

12.5.3 Level of liability to load within laytime229

12.5.4 Once on demurrage always on demurrage231

12.5.5 No fixed time agreed232

12.5.6 Demurrage and damages for detention233

12.6 Stowage236

12.6.1 Deck cargo237

13 THE BILL OF LADING239

13.1 The bill of lading as a receipt239

13.1.1 Evidentiary value of the receipt240

13.1.2 Statements as to quantity242

13.1.3 Apparent order and condition - clean bills of lading247

13.2 The bill of lading as evidence of contract with the carrier249

13.3 The bill of lading as a document of title at common law250

13.3.1'Received for shipment' bills251

13.3.2 Bills in sets252

13.3.3 Modes of transfer253

13.4 The bill of lading and the transfer of the contract of carriage254

13.4.1 The Bills of Lading Act 1855254

13.4.2 The rule in Brandt v. Liverpool255

13.4.3 Actions in tort257

13.5 Documents of title under the Sale of Goods Act 1979259

13.6 Identity of shipper260

13.7 Bills of lading under charterparties - identity of terms and of carrier261

13.7.1 Identity of terms262

13.7.2 Identity of the carrier267

13.8 Bills of lading and combined transport270

14 THE VOYAGE274

14.1 Deviation275

14.1.1 Effect on excepted perils275

14.1.2 Effect on freight278

14.1.3 Justifiable deviation278

14.1.4 Damages282

14.2 Stoppage in transitu283

14.3 Authority of the master284

14.3.1 Carrier's agent284

14.3.2 Cargo-owner's agent284

15 GENERAL AVERAGE286

15.1 History - The York-Antwerp Rules287

15.2 Conditions of general average - general average act289

15.2.1 Danger289

15.2.2 General average acts290

15.2.3 Voluntary or intentional act293

15.2.4 Reasonable act295

15.2.5 Common safety295

15.2.6 Time of loss296

15.2.7 Loss direct consequence296

15.2.8 Success297

15.3 Who must contribute?298

15.3.1 Lives298

15.3.2 Passengers' luggage299

15.3.3 Seamen's wages299

15.3.4 The ship299

15.3.5 Cargo299

15.4 General average and carrier's fault300

15.5 General average bond300

15.6 Assessment of contribution301

16 JOURNEY'S END:DISCHARGE, DELIVERY AND PAYMENT304

16.1 Discharge304

16.2 Delivery308

16.3 Payment: freight and hire310

16.3.1 When payable310

16.3.2 Exemptions314

16.3.3 Who is entitled to sue?318

16.3.4 Who is liable?319

17 THE HAMBURG RULES321

PART THREE: THE RUNNING OF THE SHIP325

18 THE CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS327

18.1 General principles327

18.2 The Athens Convention 1974329

18.2.1 Introduction329

18.2.2 Application330

18.2.3 Liability331

18.2.4 Limitation332

18.2.5 Jurisdiction and exemption clauses334

18.3 Other liabilities to passengers335

18.4 Hovercraft337

18.5 Combined transport338

19 PILOTAGE342

19.1 Pilotage administration342

19.1.1 Local administration342

19.1.2 Central administration343

19.1.3 Pilotage commission343

19.1.4 Licensing and certification of pilots344

19.1.5 Pilotage charges345

19.2 Compulsory pilotage347

19.2.1 The 'old' regime347

19.2.2 The 'new' regime349

19.3 Pilot's responsibilities350

19.4 Pilotage liabilities351

19.4.1 Pilot's liability351

19.4.2 Shipowner's liability for pilot351

19.4.3 Master's liability354

20 HARBOUR AND ANCILLARY SERVICES355

20.1 Stevedores355

20.1.1 Employment355

20.1.2 The stevedoring contract356

20.1.3 Stevedores and liability357

20.2 Harbour and associated facilities359

20.2.1 Liability of operators359

20.2.2 Navigable highways361

20.2.3 Wreck raising362

20.2.4 Liability of shipowners363

20.3 Lighthouses363

21 COLLISIONS365

21.1 Vicarious liability365

21.1.1 Servants366

21.1.2 Scope of employment368

21.2 Collision regulations369

21.2.1 Introduction369

21.2.2 Contents of the Rules370

21.2.3 Breach of the Regulations373

21.3 Duty to assist375

21.4 Liability for collision damage376

21.4.1 Admiralty Court procedure376

21.4.2 Statutory presumption of fault377

21.4.3 Causation378

21.4.4 Inevitable accident380

21.5 Contributory negligence381

21.5.1 Division of loss382

21.5.2 Alternative danger383

21.5.3 Plaintiff's negligence subsequent to defendant's384

21.5.4 The 'clear line' rule385

21.5.5 Loss of life, personal injury and cargo claims385

21.5.6 Collision other than between two ships386

21.6 Damages387

21.6.1 Remoteness of damage387

21.6.2 Measure of damage388

21.6.3 Economic loss390

21.5.4 Interest392

21.6.5 Damages in foreign currency392

22 LIMITATION OF SHIPOWNERS' LIABILITY394

22.1 Introduction394

22.2 The 1957 Limitation Convention: Merchant Shipping Act 1894396

22.2.1 Persons entitled to limit396

22.2.2 Craft subject to limitation397

22.2.3 Claims subject to limitation398

22.2.4 Loss of the right to limit399

22.2.5 Amount of limitation403

22.2.6 Dock owners: harbour and pilotage authorities407

22.3 The 1976 Limitation Convention; Merchant Shipping Act 1979409

22.3.1 Persons entitled to limit409

22.3.2 Craft subject to limitation409

22.3.3 Claims subject to limitation410

22.3.4 Loss of the right to limit410

22.3.5 Amount of limitation411

22.3.6 Dock owners; pilotage and harbour authorities415

22.4 Exclusion of liability415

23 TOWAGE417

23.1 Introduction417

23.2 Implied terms418

23.3 Standard towage contracts generally419

23.4 The UKSTC (1983)421

23.4.1 Parties to the contract421

23.4.2 Duration of the cover422

23.4.3 Exclusions and indemnities423

23.5 International ocean towage contracts424

23.5.1 TOWHIRE425

23.5.2 TOWCON426

24 SALVAGE427

24.1 Introduction427

24.2 Maritime property429

24.2.1 General429

24.2.2 Life salvage430

24.3 Danger432

24.4 Voluntary character of the service433

24.4.1 Statutory duties434

24.4.2 Towage435

24.4.3 Harbour authorities436

24.4.4 Pilots436

24.4.5 Ships' agents and passengers437

24.4.6 Crew of salved vessel437

24.4.7 Royal Navy438

24.4.8 Coastguards439

24.4.9 Lifeboat crews439

24.4.10 Naval orders439

24.5 Success440

24.6 The salvage reward: liability and entitlement441

24.6.1 Liability for salvage442

24.6.2 Relations between several salvors442

24.6.3 Salvors' rights443

24.7 Negligent salvors444

24.7.1 Negligence before services444

24.7.2 Negligence during services445

24.8 The salvage reward: assessment446

24.8.1 General principles446

24.8.2 Value of salved property447

24.8.3 Value of salving property449

24.8.4 Contribution of salved property interests inter se450

24.8.5 Apportionment450

24.9 Salvage agreements453

24.9.1 General453

24.9.2 Supervision of the Admiralty Court455

24.9.3 Parties to the contract456

24.10 Lloyd's Open Form Salvage Agreement459

24.10.1 Introduction459

24.10.2 Effect of agreeing to LOF459

24.10.3 Supersession of salvor460

24.10.4 Termination of LOF461

24.10.5 Salvage security462

24.10.6 Arbitration463

24.10.7 Pollution prevention463

24.10.8 Salvor's limitation464

24.11 The draft Salvage Convention465

24.12 Wreck466

24.12.1 Administration of wrecks466

24.12.2 Salvage of wrecks468

24.12.3 Protection of wrecks469

25 MARINE POLLUTION473

25.1 Prevention473

25.1.1 Construction and safety rules473

25.1.2 Discharges474

25.1.3 Government intervention477

25.1.4 Dumping479

25.2 Compensation482

25.2.1 Common law liability482

25.2.2 Oil pollution damage483

25.2.3 Non-oil pollution damage490

26 TIME BARS492

26.1 Specific time bars492

26.1.1 Carriage of goods492

26.1.2 Collision and salvage493

26.1.3 Pollution and passengers493

26.2 General time bars494

26.3 Overlap of time bars495

26.4 Contractual time bars496

PART FOUR: MARINE INSURANCE497

27 THE MARINE INSURANCE MARKET499

27.1 History499

27.1.1 Who engages in insurance business?501

27.2 Course of business at Lloyd's502

27.3 The premium504

27.3.1 Responsibility for premiums504

27.3.2 'Premium to be Arranged' and 'Held Covered' Clauses505

27.3.3 Return of premium506

27.4 Supervision and control of the market507

27.4.1 Insurance companies507

27.4.2 Lloyd's508

28 PRINCIPLES OF MARINE INSURANCE510

28.1 Insurable interest510

28.1.1 Interests which may be insured511

28.1.2 When must the interest exist?515

28.1.3 Value of insurable interest516

28.1.4 Rights against third parties517

28.1.5 Wagering policies517

28.2 Indemnity519

28.2.1 Subrogation519

28.2.2 Problems arising from subrogation520

28.3 Utmost good faith (uberrimae fidei)524

28.3.1 Good faith in all contracts524

28.3.2 Contracts 'uberrimae fidei'525

28.3.3 Non-disclosure525

29 THE MARINE INSURANCE CONTRACT532

29.1 Formation of the contract532

29.1.1 The slip and issue of the policy532

29.1.2 Moment of formation of the contract533

29.1.3 Legal effect of the slip534

29.2 Types of policy536

29.2.1 The subject-matter of marine insurance policies536

29.2.2 Unvalued and valued policies539

29.2.3 Voyage and time policies544

29.2.4 Floating policies and open covers546

29.3 Form, structure and development of marine policies548

29.3.1 Lloyd's S.G. Policy550

29.3.2 MAR Form of Policy551

29.3.3 The Institute Clauses552

29.4 Attachment and duration of risk557

29.4.1 Commencement of risk557

29.4.2 Duration of risk558

29.5 Assignment559

29.5.1 Assignment of marine policies559

29.5.2 Form of assignment561

29.5.3 Effect of assignment562

30 OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES564

30.1 General obligations of the assured564

30.1.1 Warranties564

30.1.2 Implied warranties566

30.1.3 Express warranties571

30.2 General obligations of the insurer572

30.2.1 Insurer's liability for losses572

30.2.2 The proximate cause rule573

30.3 Particular risks covered in marine policies575

30.3.1 Hull clauses576

30.3.2 Cargo clauses581

30.3.3 War clauses584

30.4 S.G. form exceptions586

30.4.1 Memorandum586

30.4.2 'Warranted free of average'(FPA)587

30.4.3 'F.C'.＆S.'clause588

31 LOSSES590

31.1 Actual total loss590

31.2 Constructive total loss593

31.2.1 Deprivation of possession593

31.2.2 Damage in excess of repaired value595

31.3 Abandonment597

31.3.1 Ship and cargo597

31.3.2 Freight598

31.4 Partial loss598

31.5 Proof of loss600

31.5.1 Loss by accident or wear and tear600

31.5.2 War or marine loss601

31.5.3 Scuttling603

Further reading605

APPENDICES609

PART Ⅰ- THE SHIP611

1 Supreme Court Act 1981, ss. 20-21611

2 Bill of Sale (XS 79)616

3 SALEFORM 1983617

4 Mortgage to Secure Account Current: Body Corporate (XS 81a)621

PART Ⅱ- CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA623

5 Gencon Charterparty623

6 ACL Bill of Lading626

7 GCBS Waybill631

8 Bills of Lading Act 1855634

9 Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971636

PART Ⅲ - THE RUNNING OF THE SHIP648

10 UK Standard Conditions for Towage and Other Services (Revised 1983)648

11 Lloyd's Standard Form of Salvage Agreement (LOF 1980)652

PART Ⅳ- MARINE INSURANCE658

12 Insurance Market Slip658

13 Lloyd's Marine Policy (MAR)659

14 Institute Clauses662

15 Lloyd's S.G. Policy686

16 Institute Cargo Clauses (FPA), 1963689

17 Institute Cargo Clauses (WPA), 1963 cl.5.691

Index692