《SHIPPING CONFERENCES》求取 ⇩

PREFACE1

CHAPTER 1. A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF SEABORNE TRANSPORTATION3

Some Historical Remarks7

CHAPTER 2. THE OPERATION OF CONFERENCES15

Some Characteristics of Conference Agreements21

Pooling Agreements24

CHAPTER 3. COST STRUCTURE, FREIGHT RATES, AND TARIFFS29

The Cost of Service29

Demand Factor30

The Competition31

The Tariff34

Open Rates36

Stability of Freight Rates36

Increases in Freight Rates39

Notice of Change in Freight Rates and Publication of Tariffs43

Averaging Freight Rates43

The Share of Freight Rates in the Commodity Price45

Disparities in Freight Rates46

Regulating the Freight Rates47

Uniform Rates49

Container Tariff Rules51

Surcharges and Currency Adjustment Factor52

Currency Adjustment Factor55

Promotional Freight Rates56

CHAPTER 4. LOYALTY AGREEMENTS59

The Deferred Rebate59

The Dual Rate Contract62

The Dual Rate Contract in the U.S.64

Loyalty Agreements in Australia75

CHAPTER 5. PASSENGER CONFERENCES77

CHAPTER 6. MONOPOLISTIC ASPECTS OF THE CONFERENCE SYSTEM79

Competition to Conferences81

Independent Liners83

Tramps85

Competition Among Conference Members88

Malpractice and Self-policing89

Competition and Cooperation Among Conferences95

Air Competition97

Competition from Soviet Fleets99

Discrimination in Shipping102

Bilateral Agreements106

U.S. Shipping Discrimination Policies108

Rationalization of Shipping Services111

CHAPTER 7. SHIPPERS' COUNCILS AND CONSULTATION MACHINERY117

Organization, Membership and Function of Shippers' Councils117

Shippers' Councils in Australia120

Shippers' Councils in Western Europe123

The ESC Structure and its Consultation Machinery126

Shippers' Councils in India127

Shippers' Councils in the U.S.130

Some Concluding Remarks on Shippers' Councils and Consultations132

CHAPTER 8. CONTAINERIZATION, CONSORTIA, AND INTERMODALISM135

The Consortium140

Intermodalism145

Land Bridges150

CHAPTER 9. INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF SHIPPING CONFERENCES153

Institutional Developments in Europe153

Less Developed Countries and Shipping Conferences157

Development of National Merchant Marines in LDCs161

Developed Countries' Attitudes Toward the Development of LDCs Fleets165

UNCTAD and Shipping167

CHAPTER 10. A CODE FOR CONFERENCES171

The Main Provisions of UNCTAD's Code174

Some Comments on UNCTAD's Code175

Dispute Settlement and Enforcement Machinery183

EEC and the Code188

Conclusion192

CHAPTER 11. U.S. AND THE CODE197

Recent Developments in the U.S.198

Recent Developments in U.S. Shipping Policy200

CHAPTER 12. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS205

TABLE OF COMPARATIVE PROVISIONS OF REGULATORY MACHINERIES216

APPENDICES219

Appendix Ⅰ. Convention on a Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences219

Appendix Ⅱ. Code of Practice for Conferences245

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY253