《BRITISH SHIPPING LAWS 13 SHIPOWNERS》求取 ⇩

1.OWNERSHIP OF TONNAGE1

1. National Tonnage： Overall Concept1

State responsibility1

International case law2

Kinds of ownership3

2. Individual Ownership4

Kinds of registration law4

Rigid laws6

Relaxed laws：flags of “ convenience”7

Balanced laws13

3. Position in English Law14

“British ship”14

Obligation to register19

Government ships20

General scheme21

Republic of Ireland22

Effect of failure to register25

British owners and flags of convenience26

4. Government-Owned Tonnage27

Commercially operated vessels27

English law29

5. International Organisations30

General principles30

International case law31

Intergovernmental organisations39

2. ACQUISITION oF TONNAGE40

1. Methods of Acquisition40

Economics of acquisition40

Kinds of tonnage for acquisition42

How to acquire tonnage44

2. Second-hand ShipsRole of shipbrokers45

3. New Building57

Choice of shipyard57

4. Chartering82

Modern conditions82

Kinds of time charters87

5. Baltic Exchange92

History92

Operations95

World tramp chartering98

2. ACQUISITION OF TONNAGE—continued100

5. Baltic Exchange—ontinued100

Organisation100

Discipline101

Sale and purchase102

3.ENGLISH LAW OF SALE105

1. Contracts for Sale105

Special features105

Formation of contract108

Construction of contracts in writing110

Passing of proper115

（ⅰ）sale or contract115

（ⅱ） second-hand ships121

（ⅲ） shipbuilding138

（ⅳ） specific performance143

Passing of the risk： frustration145

Conditions and warranties： Act of 1893150

Fraud and misrepresentation158

Warranties during negotiations161

Express conditions176

Implied terms： performance of contract185

2. Shipbrokers： Duties and RightsActing for whom？189

Commission192

3. Conflict of Laws197

Proper law of contract197

Jurisdiction of English courts210

4. Forms of Contract for Sale216

Saleform agreement216

Standard yacht-building agreement224

4. OPERATION OF MERCHANT SHIPPING234

1. Kinds of Seaborne Trade234

Classification234

Specialised trades235

Dry cargo trade237

2. Conference System238

Characteristics238

Advantages241

Difficulties242

Organisation243

Practices244

Conference Ratemaking246

Conference and shipper250

Governments and the conference258

Conclusion： future of conference system264

3. Tramp Shipping270

Distinguishing characteristics270

Mechanics of voyage chartering272

4. Bilateralism in Shipping279

Multilateralism279

（1） Bilateral trade280

（2） Bilateral aid284

5. Independent Liner Operators285

4.OPERATION OF MERCANT SHIPPING——continued285

Competing with conferences285

6. Proprietary Owners Individuals and States287

7. Coastal Shipping Cabotage288

5. ORGANISATIONS AIDING SHIPOWNERS292

1. Intergovernmental Organisations Introduction292

Need for international organisations294

General intergovernmental organisations301

IMCO307

2. Non-governmental Organisations Classification311

（A） International Cargo Handling Coordination Association314

（B） International Association of Ports and Harbours317

（C） National organisations in England320

（ⅰ） Liverpool Steam Shipowners’ Association320

（ⅱ） Shipping Advisory Panel321

（ⅲ） National Maritime Board323

（ⅳ） Shipping Federation326

3. Chambers of Shipping327

ICS and ISF327

Chamber of Shipping of the United Kingdom329

Historical survey329

The Chamber’s Royal Charter336

Membership of the Chamber338

Organisation339

International Chamber of Shipping345

Committee of European Shipowners349

Committee of European National Shipowners’Association354

Committee of Liner Operators： South America357

Other international organisations358

Relations with other bodies361

4. Comite Maritime International364

Origin and development364

Object369

Organisation370

Work373

British Maritime Law Association376

The post-war Comite380

5. Classification SocietiesIntroduction383

（i） Lloyd’s Classification Society History385

Essence of classi fication391

Statutory surveys396

Safety Coventions400

（ii） Other Classification Societies403

Full list403

American Bureau of Shipping404

5. ORGANISATIONS AIDING SHIPOWNERS—contirued409

5. Classification Societies—continued409

Bureau Veritas409

Norske Veritas413

Nippon Kaiji Kyokai414

Korean Register of Shipping418

Turk Loydu423

Soviet Classication Society424

Future of classication societies425

6. INSuRANCE IN LONDON428

1. Lloyd’s428

History428

Organisation432

Placing a risk439

Lloyd’s Policy Signing Office440

Settlement of claims441

Average and Recoveries Department442

（ⅰ） General Average， Salvage and Collision Section445

（ⅱ） Shipowners’ Liability Section448

（ⅲ） Non-Marine Recoveries and Refunds Section450

（ⅳ） Marine Payments Section451

Lloyd’s agency system452

Intelligence Department456

Lloyd’s shipping publications457

Lloyd’s Underwriters’ Association462

2. P.and I.Clubs463

（ⅰ） Introduction463

Place in insurance market463

（ⅱ） History465

18th century：limited insurance facilities465

The hull Clubs469

Increase of third party liabilities477

Formation of P.and I.Clubs485

（ⅲ） Scope of Modern Cover490

Collisions，etc490

Death，injury or illness496

Other responsibility for crew，etc500

Responsibility for cargo503

Fines for offences，etc509

“Omnibus” cover510

Limitations on cover512

（ⅳ） The Club and its Members513

Entry513

Legal status515

Calls and deductibles517

Administration and management521

（ⅴ） Related Associations528

Defence associations528

War Risks Associations529

3. Insurance Companies536

Role in London market536

History537

Institute of London Underwriters538

Relations with Lloyd’s： committees540

Relations with Lloyd’s： the market543

Business independent of Lloyd’s547

6.INSuRANCE IN LONDON——continued550

4. Export Credit Guarantees550

Credit insurance by E.C.G.D.550

Facilities provided551

History of E.C.G.D.552

Act of 1949555

Period of credit558

Credit insurance for shipbuilding562

Bank guarantees566

Financial guarantees567

Direct loans by State568

7.PORTS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM570

1. Types of Ports570

（ⅰ）Public trust authorities570

（ⅱ） Municipally-owned ports573

（ⅲ） Nationalised ports574

（ⅳ） Company-owned ports575

Associated authorities576

2. Legislation affecting Ports577

Special enactments577

General enactments578

3. Powers of Port Authorities580

General powers580

Power to make by-laws581

Entry and movement of ships585

4. Port charges590

Ship，passenger and goods dues590

Services and facilities598

Collection of port charges599

Light dues603

5. Rights and Duties of Authorities606

Wreck removal606

Oil in navigable waters609

Limitation of liability610

Damage to dock works611

Pilotage612

6. Organisations Concerned with Ports613

National Ports Council613

Dock and Harbour Authorities’Association615

National Association of Port Employers616

Trinity House617

7. Port of London Authority618

Creation of the P.L.A.618

Constitution622

Jurisdiction623

Functions624

Finance of the P.L.A633

Dues634

8.AGENTS OF CARGO AND SHIP635

1. Forwarding Agents635

Functions635

Institute of Shipping and Forwarding Agents638

Forwarding agent as principal639

8. AGENTS oF CARGO AND SHIP—continued640

1. Forwarding Agents—continued640

Forwarding agent as carrier640

“ Groupage ” bills of lading643

Bailee’s liability in tort644

Personal liability to shipowner647

London custom as to freight648

Other obligations650

Right to sue shipowner in own name651

Forwarding agent’s bill of lading652

Forwarding agent’s lien654

Stoppage in transitu656

2. Loading Brokers657

Function657

Legal Position659

3. Ship’s Agents664

Functions664

4. Bill of Lading Practice668

Introduction668

Arrangements for shipment669

Essential facts detailed671

Format679

Process of issue683

Non-negotiable receipts689

Release of cargo at destination692

Mechanisation693

Life of a bill of lading694

Unit loads694

Sea/air transit695

9.MODEL ALL-PURPOSE BILL oF LADING696

The need696

A model bill of lading706

The carrying clauses712

Preamble or introduction719

Dangerous or politically unsafe goods720

Jurisdiction721

Liner company’s special clauses722

10. SETTLEMENT oF DISPUTES IN LONDON722

1. Commercial Court758

Origin and development758

Order 72 of1964765

Types of action tried in the Commercial Court767

Transfer of an action to the Commercial List770

Summons for directions772

Evidence at the trial776

Order 72778

2. Maritime Arbitration788

Arbitration clauses in charter parties788

Arbitrators as advocates792

Sole arbitrator794

Access to court795

“London Rules”796

London Maritime Arbitrators’Association797

3. Average Adjustment798

History798

Association of Average Adjusters799

Legal position800

11. FIAG DiSCRIMINATION801

1. State Responsibili801

Basic principle801

Sovereign equality of States802

Applications803

Meaning of “flag discrimination”806

2. Effects of the First World War812

New trends812

3. Effects of the Second World War823

Nations newly come to shipping823

Advent of IMCO825

Declarations qualifying entry827

What is “discriminatory”？830

Limitations of IMCO833

Conclusions834

4. Geneva Conventions of 1958 on the Law of the Sea837

Evolutionary effects837

Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone，Geneva1958838

Convention on the High Seas， Geneva 1958839

5. International Convention on the Liability of Operators of Nuclear Ships， Brussels，May 1962 Significance841

6. Practice of States regarding Discrimination U.S.A. v.U.K.trade war842

（A） Practice of United States of America843

（B） State practice of United Kingdom863

（C） State practice of India870

7. Views of International Chambers of Commerce and Shipping on practice of States882

Classes of discrimination882

Examples883

A.Restrictive clauses in trade treaties883

B.Unilateral action by governments885

8.Views of OEEC and other Organisations893

OEEC893

LAFTA894

GATT895

UNCTAD896

ECAFE Shipping Report899

9. International Law Concept of Flag Discrimination Question of legality901

（A） Legal approach903

（B） Position in customary international law919

（C） Approach based on practice of States； concept of an international standard920