《POLICY LSSUES IN OCEAN LAW》求取 ⇩

Ⅰ.The Potential Use of Reservations to International Agreements Produced by the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea—H.Gary Knight*1+A.Introduction1

B.Oceans Policy Objectives Related to International Agreements2

C.The Use of Reservations and Their Effect on International Agreements4

1.LOS Treaty Provisions on Reservations9

a.Silence9

b.No Reservations Permitted10

c.Reservations to Some but not all Articles Permitted11

2.Congressional Advice and Consent and the Use of Reservations12

3.The"Compatibility Test"14

4.Constitutive Instrument of a Seabed Agency15

5."Understandings"and"Interpretive Statements"Short of Reservations15

D.Possible Non-Agreement Situations at LOS-3 and the Desirability of Reservations17

1.Absence of Agreement on Compulsory Dispute Settlement18

2.Passage Through Straits19

3.The"Economic Resource Zone"21

4.The Seabed Regime22

Annexes24

1.Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties24

2.The International Law Applicable to Reservations28

3.The Consensus Decision-Making Procedure Adopted at the Third UN Law of the Sea Conference and its Relation to the Use of Reservations35

4.Reservations and Customary International Law46

5.Bibliography50

Ⅱ.The Equitable Sharing of Revenues from Seabed Mining—Jonathan I.Charney53

A.Introduction53

B.The Value of the Revenue Likely to Be Derived from the Seabed for Equitable Sharing Will Not Be Large56

1.The Seabed Areas That Will Be Subject to Revenue Sharing Are Not Settled56

2.The Amount of Revenue Likely to Be Derived from Manganese Nodule Exploitation of the Deep Seabed Will Be Minimal59

3.The Revenue Producing Potential of Petroleum Located in the Seabed Is Significantly Greater Than Manganese Nodules of the Deep Seabed67

C.The Methods for Generating Revenues from the Exploitation of the Areas Subject to Equitable Sharing Vary in Their Ease of Operation and Effectiveness76

1.Different Methods for Generating Revenues Are Available76

2.Methods for Allocating Resource Exploitation Rights Affect Revenue Generation85

D.Alternative Methods of Distribution of the Revenue Obtained from the Exploitation of the Resources of the Seabed92

E.The United States Should Support Large Scale Revenue Sharing108

1.United States Policy Objectives108

2.The United States Constitution and Revenue Sharing111

F.Conclusions119

Ⅲ.The United States and the Law of the Sea Conference:Interim Resource Management Options—Jon L.Jacobson121

A.Introduction121

B.High Seas Fisheries123

1.No Change126

2.Species Approach—Inclusive130

3.Species Approach—Exclusive138

4.Geographical Zone—Inclusive141

5.Geographical Zone—Exclusive145

6.Conclusion148

C.Deep Seabed Minerals150

1.Moratorium152

2.No Change158

3.License Nationals165

4.Conclusion172

D.Hydrocarbon Resources Beyond 200-Meter Isobath173

1.Moratorium175

2.No Change177

3.Revenue-sharing Zone181

4.Conclusion183

Annex184