《THE REFUGEE INTERNATIONAL LAW》求取 ⇩

PART ⅠREFUGEES1

Chapter ⅠDEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION1

1.Refugees1

2.Refugees defined in international instruments 1922-462

3.Refugees for the purposes of the United Nations4

(1) Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)5

(2) Development of the statutory definition and extension of the Mandate6

4.Refugees in the sense of the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees12

5.Regional and related instruments13

6.Refugees in municipal law: some examples14

7.Summary conclusions on the definition of the term ‘refugee’ for the purposes of general international law17

Chapter ⅡDETERMINATION OF REFUGEE STATUS: ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION20

1.Respective competence of UNHCR and of UNHCR ang of states parties to the Convention and Protocol20

2.Determination of refugee status by UNHCR21

3.Determination of refugee status by states22

4.Analysis of the definition24

(1) General matters24

(2) Reasons for persecution26

5.Persecution and lack of protection38

(1) Protected interests39

(2) The ways and means of persecution40

(3) Lack of protection45

Chapter ⅢLOSS AND DENIAL OF REFUGEE STATUS AND ITS BENEFITS47

1.Voluntary acts of the individual47

2.Change of circumstances51

3.Protection or assistance by other states or United Nations agencies52

(1) The country of first asylum principle52

(2) Refugees receiving United Nations protection and assistance56

(3) Other refugees not considered to require international protection57

4.Undeserving cases58

(1) Crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity59

(2) Serious non-political crimes60

(3) Acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations63

PART ⅡASYLUM69

Chapter ⅣNON-REFOULEMENT69

1.Evolution of the principle69

2.Relation of the principle of non-refoulement to particular issues74

(1) Admission and non-rejection at the frontier74

(2) Non-refoulement and extradition78

(3) Non-refoulement and expulsion82

(4) Illegal entry83

(5) Measures not amounting to refoulement84

(a) Stowaways85

(b) Rescue at sea87

(c) Arrival of asylum-seekers by boat92

3.Exceptions to the principle of non-refoulement95

4.The status of the principle of non-refoulement in general international law97

Chapter ⅤTHE CONCEPT OF ASYLUM101

1.Introduction101

2.Asylum in international conventions, other instruments, and acts, 1945-70104

3.The decade of drafts, 1971-80, and after109

4.Non-refoulement and asylum in cases of mass influx114

5.Conclusions121

PART ⅢPROTECTION127

Chapter Ⅵ INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION127

1.International institutions127

(1) The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)129

(2) Relation of UNHCR to the General Assembly and its standing in general international law131

2.Protection of refugees: standards of treatment deriving from general international law and treaty136

(1) General international law137

(2) State responsibility, treaties, and municipal law140

Chapter ⅦTREATY STANDARDS149

1.The 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees149

(1) Required standards of treatment151

(2) Standards applicable to refugees qua refugees152

(a) The Convention Travel Document:Article28154

(b) Treatment of refugees entering illegally:Article 31158

(c) Expulsion of refugees: Article 32159

(d) Non-refoulement: Article 33160

(3) The criteria of entitlement to treatment in accordance with the Convention160

(a) Simple presence160

(b) Lawful presence160

(c) Lawful residence161

2.Refugees as the beneficiaries of other instruments, including regional agreements163

Chapter ⅧPROTECTION IN MUNICIPAL LAW165

1.Definition of refugees166

2.Procedures for the determination of refugee status and the criteria for the grant of residence166

(1) Australia167

(a) Legal background167

(b) Procedure168

(c) Appeal171

(2) Belgium172

(a) Legal background172

(b) Procedure172

(c) Appeal173

(3) France173

(a) Legal background173

(b) Procedure174

(c) Appeal175

(4) Federal Republic of Germany177

(a) Legal background177

(b) Procedure178

(c) Appeal179

(5) New Zealand180

(a) Legal background180

(b) Procedure181

(c) Appeal181

(6) United Kingdom182

(a) Legal background182

(b) Procedure182

(c) Appeal184

(7) United States of America185

(a) Legal background185

(b) Procedure186

(c) Appeal187

3.Summary of procedures in other selected states189

(1) Algeria189

(2) Austria189

(3) Benin190

(4) Botswana190

(5) Canada191

(6) Costa Rica192

(7) Denmark192

(8) Djibouti193

(9) Gabon193

(10) Greece194

(11) Italy194

(12) Lesotho195

(13) Luxembourg196

(14) Morocco196

(15) Netherlands197

(16) Norway197

(17) Portugal198

(18) Senegal198

(19) Somalia199

(20) Spain199

(21) Swaziland200

(22) Sweden200

(23) Switzerland201

(24) Tunisia201

(25) United Republic of Tanzania202

(26) Yugoslavia202

(27) Zaire203

(28) Zambia203

4.Refugee status procedures and the role of UNHCR204

5.The status and rights of the refugee in municipal law: some observations207

(1) Treaties207

(2) Refugees and asylum-seekers admitted or allowed to remain on a temporary basis207

(3) Refugee status and the grant of ‘asylum’209

(4) Protection against extradition, expulsion,and refoulement210

6.Termination of refugee status and the principle of acquired rights210

PART ⅣCONCLUSIONS215

Chapter Ⅸ THE REFUGEE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW215

1.The status of refugees summarized216

(1) Refugee status216

(2) Decisions on refugee status217

(3) Non-refoulement and its relation to solutions219

(a) Voluntary repatriation219

(b) Local integration222

(c) Resettlement in third states223

(d) International protection224

2.The grant of asylum225

3.Issues of state responsibility226

4.Measures to avert and to resolve refugee crises229

ANNEXES235

Ⅰ. Constitution of the International Refugee Organization, 1946—Extract235

Ⅱ.Universal Declaration of Human Rights,1948—Extract240

Ⅲ.Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees241

Ⅳ.1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees247

Ⅴ.1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees270

Ⅵ.1967 Declaration on Territorial Asylum275

Ⅶ.Draft Convention on Territorial Asylum277

Ⅷ.Organization of African Unity: 1969 Convention on Refugee Problems in Africa280

Ⅸ.Caracas Convention on Territorial Asylum,1954287

Ⅹ. Caracas Convention on Diplomatic Asylum,1954290

Ⅺ.American Convention on Human Rights,1969—Extract295

Ⅻ.Council of Europe Conventions—Extracts296

ⅩⅢ.Selected Resolutions relating to Refugee issues, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations298

ⅩⅣ.List of states parties to the 1951 Convention,the 1967 Protocol, and the 1969 OAU Convention, and of states members of the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme304

Select Bibliography306

Index312

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