《公司信息系统管理 英文版·第4版》

1．The Challenge of Information Systems Technology1

Introduction to IT Management1

Concepts of IT Management3

Challenges in Managing IT Assimilation4

A Young Technology4

Technological Growth5

IT End-User Coordination5

Specialization6

Shift in Focus7

Questions from Senior Management7

Issues in Information Technology10

The IT Environment10

IT Architecture and Organization12

Management Processes13

Project Management14

IT Strategy15

The IT Business15

Conclusion16

2．Manageable Trends19

Underlying Themes19

Theme 1:Strategic Impact20

A Contingency Approach to IT Management24

Theme 2:Integrating Changing Technology Platforms30

Theme 3:Assimilating Emerging Technologies31

Phase 1．Technology Identification and Investment32

Phase 2．Technological Learning and Adaptation32

Phase 3．Rationalization/Management Control33

Phase 4．Maturity/Widespread Technology Transfer33

Theme 4:Sourcing Policies for the IT Value Chain34

Theme 5:Applications Development Process36

Design38

Construction38

Implementation39

Operation40

Maintenance40

Theme 6:Partnership of Three Constituencies42

IT Management42

User Management42

General Management43

Summary43

3．Effects of IT on Competition47

Analyzing Impact48

Forces That Shape Strategy49

Search for Opportunity52

Analyzing the Value Chain for IT Opportunities57

Inbound Logistics57

Operations and Product Definition59

Outbound Logistics59

Marketing and Sales60

After-Sales Service61

Corporate Infrastmcture61

Human Resources62

Technology Development62

Procurement63

The Risks of Information Systems Success63

Problems and Evaluations63

Assessing Competitor Risk67

The Challenge69

A New Point of View Is Required69

Planning Issues70

Confidentiality and Competition71

Evaluating Expenditures71

The IT-Management Partnership72

Opening Questions72

A Final Thought73

4．Electronic Commerce:From Interorganizational Systems to the Internet74

The Evolution of Interorganizational Systems76

IOS Evolution at American Hospital Supply(AHSC)76

IOS Evolution at American Airlines79

Patterns of Interaction among IOS Participants82

Levels of IOS Control83

From Proprietary IOS to Ubiquitous Platforms for Electronic Commerce85

Making Sense of Market Relationships90

IOS and Producer Relationships92

IOS and the Changing Buyer-Seller Relationship96

Managing the Evolution of Technology100

Maintaining a Secure Environment for Doing Business101

Developing and Maintaining Information Partnerships104

The Allegis Example104

Benefits of Information Partnering105

Types of Information Partnership106

Summary109

5．Information,Organization,and Control112

The Organization Design Challenge of the 1990s112

From Control to Learning116

From Autonomy to Collaboration120

Information,Organization,and Control in a Retail Bank125

Information,Organization,and Control in the Supermarket126

Targeted Opportunities127

Communicating Organizational Priorities127

Meaningful Budgets128

Effective Incentive Systems129

Solutions for Production130

Facts to Make the Sale131

Adaptation to Change131

Summary132

6．IT Architecture:Evolution and Alternatives134

The Evolution of IT Architecture137

Era 1—The Mainframe(1950s to 1970s)139

Era 2—The Microcomputer(Late 1970s and 1980s)143

Era 3—Distributed Information Systems(Late 1980s to Present)144

Era 4—Ubiquitous147

Value Creation in a Distributed IT Environment148

IT Architecture Implementation Issues in the 1990s155

Merging the Islands of Automation155

Managing Global Telecommunications158

Managing the IT Legacy159

Assimilating Emerging Information Technologies160

Summary164

7．Organizing and Leading the Information Technology Function165

Organization Issues in IT Development165

Some Examples167

Implications169

Pressures toward User Dominance169

Pent-Up User Demand169

Competitive and Service Growth in the IT Market170

User Control171

Fit with the Organization171

User Learning172

Summary172

Pressures Toward IT Control172

Staff Professionalism172

Feasibility Study Concerns174

Corporate Database System175

Fit with the Corporate Structure and Strategy176

Cost Analysis176

Summary177

Coordination and Location of IT Policy177

IT Responsibilities178

User Responsibilities179

General Management Support and Policy Overview180

Summary181

8．Information Technology Operations183

Changing Operations Environment184

A Focused Service Organization Alternative-—An Example185

Alternative Organizations186

Developing an Operations Strategy187

Technology Planning188

Measuring and Managing Capacity194

Managing the IT Operations Workforce196

Selection Factors for Operations Manager and Staff198

Human Issues in Managing the Workforce199

Production Planning and Control200

Setting Goals200

Establishing Priorities200

Strategic Impact of IT Operations201

Implementing Production Control and Measurement202

Security203

Privacy204

The Roots of the Privacy Issue205

The Implications206

Summary209

9．Information Technology Management Processes211

Management Control211

IT Evolution and Management Control213

Software Issues213

Operations Issues213

Corporate Control Process215

Strategic Impact of IT on the Corporation216

Looking Ahead:Other Aspects of Control217

Results Control Architecture218

Unallocated Cost Center218

Allocated Cost Center and Charge-Out219

Profit Center224

Financial Reporting Process225

Nonfinancial Reporting Process227

IT Audit Function228

Summary229

Planning—A Contingent Focus229

Pressures toward IT Planning230

External(Corporate)Pressures230

Internal(IT Process)Pressures232

Limitations on IT Planning Results234

Planning as a Resource Drain234

Fit to Corporate Culture235

Strategic Impact of IT Activities235

Mismatches:Using the Strategic Grid235

Corporate Environmental Factors That Influence Planning239

Summary241

10．Managing the Information Technology Resource through Strategic Partnerships243

Why Outsourcing Alliances Are So Difficult244

Outsourcing in Retrospect245

Outsourcing in the 1990s246

What Driyes Outsourcing?247

When to Outsource IT252

Position on the Strategic Grid252

Development Portfolio253

Organizational Learning255

A Firm's Position in the Market256

Current IT Organization256

Structuring the Alliance256

Contract Flexibility257

Standards and Control257

Areas to Outsource258

Cost Savings259

Supplier Stability and Quality259

Management Fit260

Conversion Problems260

Managing the Alliance261

The CIO Function261

Performance Measurements262

Mix and Coordination of Tasks262

Customer-Outsourcer Interface263

11．A Portfolio Approach to Information Technology Development264

Project Risk265

Elements of Project Implementation Risk265

Project Categories and Degree of Risk267

Assessing Risk of Individual Projects268

Portfolio Risk271

Summary271

Project Management:A Contingency Approach272

Management Tools272

Influences on Tool Selection273

Relative Contribution of Management Tools278

Summary278

12．Transnational IT Issues280

Information Technology Impact on Transnational Firms282

Geographic Transfer of Work282

Global Networking and Expertise Sharing283

Global Service Levels283

Time-Based Competition284

Cost Reduction284

Country Diversity285

Sociopolitical285

Language285

Local Constraints285

Economics286

Currency Issues286

Autonomy286

National Infrastructure287

Summary287

National IT Environment Issues287

Availability of IT Professional Staff287

Central Telecommunications288

National IT Strategy288

General Level of IT Sophistication289

Size of Local Market289

Data Export Control289

Technological Awareness290

Summary290

Corporate Factors Affecting IT Requirements290

Nature of the Firm's Business291

Strategic Impact of IT292

Corporate Organization292

Company Technical and Control Characteristics293

Other Considerations294

Transnational IT Policy Issues294

Guidance on Architecture294

Central Hardware/Software Concurrence or Approval295

Central Approval of Software Standards and Feasibility Studies295

Central Software Development296

IT Communications297

Staff Rotation298

Consulting Services299

Central IT Processing Support299

Technology Appraisal Program—An Example300

Summary301

13．The IT Business302

"The IT Business"Analogy302

The IT Marketing Mix304

The Products304

The IT Consumer306

Costs308

Channels of Distribution310

Competition312

Promotion312

Price313

The Role of the Board of Directors315

The Role of the IT Chief Executive Officer316

Summary317

Annotated Bibliography320

Index325