《CERAMICS VOLUME 1 INTRODUCTION TO CERAMICS》求取 ⇩

ⅠAn Introduction to Ceramics1

Ceramics1

Importance of the Ceramic Industries20

ⅡElementary Mathematics23

Introduction23

Numbers26

Definitions26

Counting26

Writing Numbers27

Principles of Writing and Reading Numbers28

Fundamental Operations of Arithmetic29

Addition29

Subtraction30

Multiplication30

Division31

Fractions33

Definitions33

Reduction of Fractions34

Addition and Subtraction35

Multiplication and Division37

Decimals40

Multiplication and Division43

Reduction of Common Fractions to Decimal Fractions44

Reduction of Decimal Fractions to Common Fractions45

Percentage46

Types of Percentage Problems47

Ratio and Proportion51

Ratio51

Proportion51

Stating the Proportion52

Direct and Indirect Proportion53

Powers55

Definitions55

Exponents55

Use of Exponents56

Roots59

Definitions59

Root Signs60

Extractions of Square Root60

Square Root of A Decimal62

Square Root of A Common Fraction62

Geometrical Illustration of Square Root63

Rules for Finding Square Root64

Use of Letters in Place of Numbers in Solving Problems65

Time Saving Computations65

Use of Letters66

Mathematical Signs67

Solving an Equation67

Use of the Equation69

Maintaining the Balance of an Equation70

Checking the Accuracy of Solution70

Reducing Fractions in an Equation71

Construction and Use of Algebraic Expressions72

Meaning of an Algebraic Expression72

The Numerical Value of an Algebraic Expression73

Evaluation73

Exponents in Algebraic Expressions73

Construction of Algebraic Formulas74

Evaluation of Formulas75

Use of Positive and Negative Numbers78

Positive and Negative Quantities78

Addition of Signed Quantities79

Subtraction of Signed Quantities81

Multiplication of Signed Quantities82

Division of Signed Quantities83

Transposition of Terms84

Finding Products and Factors86

Simple Multiplication86

More Difficult Multiplication87

Squaring Binomials88

Finding the Factors of an Algebraic Expression89

Finding Prime Factors90

Algebraic Fractions92

Fraction Terms and Principles92

Addition or Subtraction of Algebraic Fractions93

Multiplying Algebraic Fractions94

Dividing Algebraic Fractions95

Solving Literal and Fractional Equations97

Literal Equations97

Equations With Fractions Having Literal Denominators99

Equations with Fractions Having Binomial Denominators100

Problems Involving Equations with Literal Fractions101

Roots and Radicals103

Finding the Square Root of Algebraic Expressions105

The Sige of Roots105

Square Root of Fractions105

Square Root of a Product Contalaing a Perfect Square as a Factor106

Simplification of Radicals107

ⅢPractical Mathematics109

Introduction109

Estimating Answers109

Simple Estimation109

Exact Estimation111

The Slide Rule113

Logarithms113

Reading the Scales115

Multiplication117

Rounding-Off Numbers for Use on Slide Rule118

Placing the Decimal Point119

Shifting the Index120

Division120

Multiplication and Division121

Ratios and Proportions122

Equivalents and Conversion Factors123

Squares and Square Roots125

Accuracy of Numbers and Calculations126

C？sting-Out Nines131

Measurement133

Fundamental Measurements134

Seeondary Measres136

Units of Measure137

Scales139

Accuracy of Measurement141

Simple Construction142

Definitions142

Constructions145

Plane Figures151

Quadrilaterals151

Parallelograms152

Trapezoids153

Trapezium154

Triangles154

Circles and Their Properties157

Solids162

Definitions162

P？isn？s and Cylinders163

Pyramids and Cones164

Spheres168

Tables170

Methods of Dealing with Quatities in Mathe？cs170

Tabuiation of Reference Data170

Reference Tables172

Tabulation of Experimental Data173

Interpolation173

Graphs176

Ty pes of Grapical Methods176

Essential Points in Graphing177

Bar Graphs179

Line Graphs179

Independcn t Variables and Irreguiar Line Graphs181

Dependent Variables and Regular Graphs182

Circle Graphs182

ⅣGeneral Chemistry187

Introduction187

Matter and Energy188

Matter188

Mass188

Weight188

Conservation of Mass189

The Properties of Substances189

Energy190

Chemical Energy191

Measurement of Energy192

Varieties of Matter194

Chemical Compounds197

Elemems198

Mixtures200

Gases-The Gas Laws201

Cha？acteristics of the Gaseous State201

Variation of Volume with Pressure;Boyle＇s Law202

Variation of Volume with Temperature;Charles＇Law(Cay Lussac＇s)203

Variations of Volume with Changes in iBoth Pressure and Temperature Volome,Pressures and Temperatures in the English System204

The Kinetic-Molecular Hypothesis206

Laws of Chemical Combination211

Combining Weights211

Atomic Hypothesis213

Modern Atomic Theory215

Atomic Weights and Molecuiar Weights218

Molar Volume219

Symbols,Formulas,and Equations220

Chemical Symbols220

Chemical Formulas220

Equations222

Type of Reactions224

Application of Equations225

Problems Involving Calculations of Gas Volume227

Periodic Table229

Water and Its Constituent Elements234

Oxygen234

Oxidation235

Importance of Oxygen237

Hydrogen238

Water240

Solutions242

Types of Solutions242

Temperature Effect243

Molar and Normal Solutions244

Acids,Bases and Salts245

Ionization249

Chemical Equilibrium252

Speed and Reactions253

Law of Mass Action255

Equilibrium255

Infiuence of Temperature on Equilibrium258

The Principle of Le Chatelier258

Illustrationof the Combined Effects258

Energy and Chemical Change259

ⅤApplications of Chemistry268

Silica268

The Propertiesof Silica270

The Properties of the Silicates271

Aluminum Silicates271

The Alkali Silicates272

The Alkaline Earth Silicates273

The Complex Silicates274

Other Elements and Compounds of Ceramic Importance274

Silicon274

Aluminum274

Iron276

Calcium277

Magnesiurn278

Sodium279

Potassium279

Lead280

Boron280

Carbon281

Ferrous Metallurgy281

Production of Iron and Steel282

Blast Furnace—Pig Iron283

Bessemer Converter—Steel287

The Basic Open Hearth—Steel290

ⅥPhysics295

Introduction295

Subdivisions of Physics296

Physical Magnitudes and Measurements296

The Physical Equation297

Mass and Weight297

Physical Properties of Matter298

Matter299

Inertia300

Gravitation300

Volume and Weight Relations301

Properties of Solids304

Properties of Liquids312

Properties of Gases320

Heat324

Nature of Heat324

Heat and Temperature325

Heat of Fusion326

Heat of Vaporization326

Thermal Expansion327

Transfer of Heat328

Mechanics334

Force334

Moments337

Levers and Related Forms of Machinery342

The Pulley347

Inclined Planes,Wedges,and Screws349

Electricity353

The Electrical Circuit353

Rate of Flow—The Ampere353

Pressure—The Volt353

Resistance—The Ohm354

The W354

Electrical Symbols355

Measuring Instruments355

Ohm＇s Law356

Electrical Circuits358

Types of Circuits358

Series of Circuit Relations358

Parallel Circuit Relations360

Problems Involving Both Series and Parallel Circuits362

Direct Current363

Alternating Current364

Electrical Power Calculations365

Work365

Power365

Energy-Kilowatt Hour366

Convenient Rules for Calculation367

Appendix372

Problem Answers375