《Table 1 Crop sequences and stubbles in the field under two phases from 2001 to 2013》

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《Suppression of weeds and weed seeds in the soil by stubbles and no-tillage in an arid maize-winter wheat-common vetch rotation on the Loess Plateau of China》

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Notes:-，no stubble in the field.*means that soil seedbank samples were taken；#indicates that weeds were assessed；and**represents that soybean was replaced by common vetch from 2011.

We established two phases in 2001，where one started with maize in April and another with soybean（Glycine max （L.）Merr.） in June，to ensure that the three crops（maize，winter wheat and soybean）can be harvested annually（Table 1）.In 2011，common vetch replaced soybean in the crop sequence.Agronomic practices such as seeding and fertilization，were conducted following the recommendations of provincial standard（Yang et al.，2013）.During the period 2001–2012，weed control was mainly by hand-cutting.It should be noted that specific herbicides for controlling broadleaf species were applied to winter wheat at the spring growth stage（Zadoks 30–31）and to maize before seedling emergence（Zadoks 01–03）.There was no application of herbicides or hand-cutting of weeds in 2013.