《Table 1.Changes in the energy budget, cloud fraction, and near-surface wind speed in the summer und

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《Comparisons of urban-related warming for Shenzhen and Guangzhou》

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The impacts of urban surface expansion on the SAT maximum and minimum in summer can be explained by changes in the energy budget during the daytime and nighttime（Table 1）.Surface radiative forcings were all positive during the daytime，at 5.40 W m-2/12.33 W m-2over the entire area of Guangzhou/Shenzhen，and11.28 W m-2/28.99 W m-2over the urban areas.However，values were negative at nighttime（-1.58 W m-2/-1.86 W m-2over the entire area of Guangzhou/Shenzhen，and-4.69 W m-2/-2.71 W m-2over the urban areas）.Precipitation increased during both daytime and nighttime over the entire area of the two cities and the urban areas，which was consistent with the increased cloud cover at different levels（with the exception of decreased low-cloud cover over the Guangzhou area at nighttime）.The increased cloud cover further contributed to a weakened downward shortwave flux（daytime only）and an intensified downward longwave flux.Meanwhile，with the urban surface expansion，albedo decreased，which induced a weakened upward shortwave flux.This decreased downward shortwave flux（smaller）and increased upward shortwave flux（larger）induced a positive shortwave flux.