《英语写作手册》

Part OneManuscript Form1

Ⅰ．Arrangement1

Ⅱ．Word Division3

Ⅲ．Capitalization4

Ⅳ．Punctuation5

Ⅴ．Handwriting7

Exercises8

Part TwoDiction9

Ⅰ．Levels of Words9

Ⅱ．The Meaning of Words13

Ⅲ．General and Specific Words17

Ⅳ．Idioms20

Ⅴ．Figures of Speech22

1．Simile22

2．Metaphor23

3．Personification24

4．Metonymy25

5．Synecdoche25

6．Euphemism26

7．Irony26

8．Overstatement and Understatement27

9．Transferred Epithet27

10．Oxymoron28

11．Alliteration28

Ⅵ．Dictionaries29

1．Using Dictionaries29

2．Some Good Dictionaries32

Exercises36

Part ThreeThe Sentence41

Ⅰ．Complete Sentences and Sentence Fragments41

Ⅱ．Types of Sentences44

1．Declarative，Interrogative，Imperative，and Exclamatory Sentences44

2．Simple，Compound，Complex，and Compound-Complex Sentences45

3．Loose，Periodic and Balanced Sentences47

4．Short and Long Sentences50

Ⅲ．Effective Sentences54

1．Unity54

2．Coherence55

3．Conciseness60

4．Emphasis62

5．Variety70

Exercises72

Part FourThe Paragraph81

Ⅰ．Effective Paragraphs81

1．Unity81

2．Coherence83

3．Transition84

Ⅱ．Ways of Developing Paragraphs87

1．Planning a Paragraph87

2．Development by Time88

3．Development by Process90

4．Development by Space91

5．Development by Example and Generalization93

6．Development by Comparison and Contrast96

7．Development by Cause and Effect101

8．Development by Classification103

9．Development by Definition105

10．Development by a Combination of Methods107

Exercises109

Part FiveThe Whole Composition144

Ⅰ．Steps in Writing a Composition144

1．Planning a Composition144

2．Types of Outlines146

3．Writing the First Draft150

4．Revising the First Draft151

5．Making the Final Copy153

Ⅱ．Organization153

1．Some Principles153

2．The Beginning154

3．The End157

Ⅲ．Types of Writing158

1．Description158

2．Narration172

3．Exposition181

（1）Illustration182

（2）Division and Classification186

（3）Comparison/Contrast194

（4）Cause and Effect208

（5）Definition219

4．Argumentation233

Exercises247

Part SixThe Summary and Book Report262

Ⅰ．The Summary262

1．Uses of Summary Writing262

2．Procedure263

Ⅱ．The Book Report271

Exercises275

Part SevenFormal and Informal Styles282

Ⅰ．The Meaning of Style282

Ⅱ．Formal and Informal Styles283

Exercises292

Part EightThe Research Paper296

Ⅰ．Process296

1．Choosing a Topic297

2．Collecting Information300

3．Analyzing the Information，Organizing Ideas and Working Out an Outline310

4．Writing the First Draft312

5．Revising the Draft and Finalizing the Paper320

Ⅱ．Format321

1．The Structure of a Paper321

2．Use of Quotations323

3．Use of Notes327

4．Bibliography340

Ⅲ．A Sample Research Paper352

Part NinePractical Writing368

Ⅰ．Notices368

Ⅱ．Greetings，Good Wishes，Congratulations，and Condolences372

1．Greetings372

2．Good Wishes373

3．Congratulations374

4．Condolences374

Ⅲ．Notes374

1．Appointments375

2．Apologies377

3．Informal Invitations379

4．Requests381

5．Thanks382

6．Messages383

Ⅳ．Letters383

1．Form384

2．Language387

3．Addressing an Envelope391

Ⅴ．Curriculum Vitae409

Exercises419

Part TenPunctuation422

Ⅰ．The Comma422

Ⅱ．The Period426

Ⅲ．The Semicolon428

Ⅳ．The Colon430

Ⅴ．The Question Mark431

Ⅵ．The Exclamation Mark432

Ⅶ．Quotation Marks433

Ⅷ．Parentheses436

Ⅸ．Brackets437

Ⅹ．The Dash438

Ⅺ．The Slash439

Ⅻ．Italics and Underlining440

Correction Symbols in Alphabetical Order442

Bibliography444