《OVERSEAS R&D ACTIVITIES OF TRANSNATIONAL COMPANIES》求取 ⇩

Introduction1

Part I Over as RD Activities of Transnational Companies: A General Perspective7

Chapter I Locations, Missions, Motivations, and Growth Paths of Foreign RD Activities9

The Level and Location of RD Activity Abroad9

The Missions of Foreign RD Activities10

Market Orientations, RD Missions, and Factors Considered in the Location Decisions15

Entry Modes and Growth Paths24

Summary35

Chapter 2 The Management of RD Activities Abroad39

Managerial Style39

Absolute Centralization42

Participative Centralization46

Cooperation52

Supervised Freedom53

Total Freedom61

Science Orientation63

Summary63

Chapter 3 Invention and Innovation in Foreign RD Activities65

Patterns of Invention and Innovation Abroad65

Standardization of Products and Processes73

Factors Affecting the Size of Foreign RD Groups73

Summary75

Chapter 4 Collaborative International RD Activities79

Foreign Manufacturing Joint Ventures Requiring RD Support79

Joint RD Ventures83

Cooperative RD Projects86

Summary86

Chapter 5 The Diffusion of RD-Related Capabilities89

Diffusion into Industrial Scientific and Technical Communities89

Diffusion into Nonindustrial Scientific and Technical Communities96

Summary99

Chapter 6 Impacts of Governmental Policies on RD Location and Performance101

Positive Inducements102

Negative Inducements103

Summary108

Chapter 7 Summary and Conclusions111

Conclusions112

Implications for Policymakers117

Lessons for Future Research120

Appendix:Organizational Structures of Foreign RD Activities Within Transnational Corporations125

Centralized Management of RD126

Centralized RD Coordination Through Product Managers127

Centralized Management of Foreign RD with Matrix Management of Domestic RD128

Committee Management of RD129

Centralized Control and Coordination130

Independent Research and Development Units131

Domestic Product Line Management and Foreign Geographic Management133

Three-level Responsibility134

Decentralized RD with Corporate Supervision135

Lead Divisions135

Decentralized RD137

Part II The Case Studies139

Case A Overseas RD in Du Pont's Fabrics and Finishes Department143

Introduction143

Organization for RD Activities144

Fabrics and Finishes Department151

Du Pont-Belgium166

Polidura-Brazil185

Case B Unilever Research and Development: A Study of In ternational RD Coordination199

Introduction199

Research Structure201

Central Research Labs215

Affiliate Labs-U.S.227

Affiliate Lab-India237

Development Lab-Brazil258

Future RD in Developing Countries272

Case C Johnson Johnson: RD in Health Care285

Introduction285

U.S. Labs287

Great Britain297

Canada308

Brazil324

Index337

About the Authors343