《Law and Practice of Transnational Contracts》

Chapter ⅠPARTY AUTONOMY AND EXPRESS STIPULATIONS OF APPLICABLE LAW1

1.01.Introduction1

Section Ⅰ.Party Autonomy and the Choice of Municipal Law4

1.02.The Options:Choice of Non-Choice4

1.03.The Choice of Law Process in Action:Some Basic Considerations7

1.04.Single Law or Depegage:Multipartite Relationships9

Section Ⅱ.Party Autonomy and the Contracts Concluded by International Persons12

1.05.The Various Options12

1.06.The Particular Case of Economic Development Agreements15

Chapter ⅡPARTY AUTONOMY AND THE TIME ELEMENT31

2.01.Introduction31

Section Ⅰ.The Time Element and the Conflict of Law Process32

2.02.Time and Contract Formation:(1) Conflict Solution32

2.03.(2) Conflict Avoidance35

2.04.Choice of Law Subsequent to the Making of the Contract:(1) Domestic Judicial Decisions39

2.05.(2) Arbitral Possibilities41

Section Ⅱ.The Time Element within the Chosen Law:Stabilization,Force Majeure and Hardship Clauses43

2.06.Some Basic Considerations43

2.07.Stabilization Clauses44

2.08.Force Majeure Clauses50

2.09.Hardship Cases57

Chapter ⅢCONFLICT AVOlDANCE WITHIN THE RULES OF CONFLICT SOLUTION63

3.01.Introduction63

Section Ⅰ.Compliance65

3.02.Some Typical Situations65

3.03.Conflicts Rules Preempted69

Section Ⅱ.Supplying the Most Significant Relationship:Conflicts Rules in Action73

3.04.The Lessons of Conflict Solution73

3.05.Conflict Avoidance and the Use of Conflicts Rules-General Considerations75

3.06.A Troublesome Matter:Conflicts Rules in Motion80

Section Ⅲ.Conflict Avoidance and the Use of Comparative Law85

3.07.Comparative Law in a Private International Law Context85

3.08.Comparative Law in an International Law Context92

Section Ⅳ.Conflict Avoidance and Trade Usage98

3.09.A New Law Merchant (Lex Mercatoria)?98

Chapter ⅣTHE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONFLICT AVOIDANCE101

4.01.Introduction101

Section Ⅰ.Problem of Contractual Interpretation102

4.02.The Perils of Draftsmanship102

4.03.The Perils of Judicial Interpretation106

Section Ⅱ.The Impact of Conflict Rules108

4.04.The "Reasonable Relation" Test108

4.05.Characterization110

4.06.Renvoi115

4.07.Public Policy117

4.08.Conflict Rules Disregarded:The French Theory of "International Contracts"119

Section Ⅲ.Proof of Applicable Law123

4.09.Proof of Foreign Law in Municipal Courts123

4.10.Proof of Municipal Law in International Tribunals125

Section Ⅳ.The Rule of Validation127

4.11.Judicial Practice127

4.12.Contractual Practice128

Chapter ⅤTRANSNATIONAL RULES OF ADJUDICATORY JURISDICTION129

5.01.Introduction129

Section Ⅰ.Exorbitant Jurisdictional Rules130

5.02.The Nature of the Problem130

5.03.The Nationality of the Plaintiff or of the Defendant131

5.04.The Domicile of the Plaintiff136

5.05.The Presence of Assets at the Forum137

5.06.Service of Process within the Jurisdiction138

5.07.Excessive Link between Conflict of Laws and Jurisdiction;the English Rule139

5.08.American Experience in Parochalism - A Return to Reasonableness140

Section Ⅱ.The Ordinary Rules of Adjudicatory Jurisdiction145

5.09.General Remarks145

5.10.Doing (Carrying) Business within the Jurisdiction146

5.11.Domicile and Residence148

5.12.Appearance and Submission151

5.13.The Particular Case of Multiple Defendants153

5.14.Contracts Made,Broken or to be Performed within the Jurisdiction:England and The United States154

5.15.The Forum Contracts in Civil Law Countries157

Section Ⅲ.Quasi in Rem Jurisdiction;Provisional Measures159

5.16.The American Quasi in Rem Jurisdiction159

5.17.European Rules163

Section Ⅳ.Limitations on Jurisdiction164

5.18.Preliminary Remarks164

5.19.Forum Non Conventions165

5.20.Lis Pendens169

Chapter ⅥCONTRACTUAL CHOICE OF FORUM173

6.01.Introduction173

Section Ⅰ.Party Autonomy in the EEC Countries174

6.02.Domestic Rules174

6.03.The EEC Convention179

Section Ⅱ.Party Autonomy in the United States182

6.04.Progressive Rules182

6.05.What is an International Contract184

(a) The Parties184

(b) The Negotiations186

(c) The Subject Matter of the Contract187

6.06.The Scope of the Rules187

Section Ⅲ.The Effectiveness of Choice of Forum Clauses190

6.07.Reality and Scope of Consent;Problems of Draftsmanship190

6.08.The Impact of Jurisdictional and Conflict Rules196

Chapter ⅦRECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS199

7.01.Introduction199

Section Ⅰ.Conditions of Recognition and Enforcement200

7.02.The Jurisdictional Prerequisite:Indirect Adjudicatory Jurisdiction200

7.03.Finality204

7.04.Reciprocity205

7.05.Defenses209

Section Ⅱ.Recognition and Enforcement Procedures210

7.06.Preliminary Remarks210

7.07.Civil Law Countries;Exequatur and Similar Proceedings212

7.08.Common Law Countries214

Section Ⅲ.The EEC Convention216

7.09.Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments within the EEC216

Chapter ⅧLITIGATING STATE CONTRACT DISPUTES223

8.01.Introduction223

Section Ⅰ.Procedural and Jurisdiction Issues224

8.02.Service of Process224

8.03.Jurisdictional Issues225

Section Ⅱ.Immunity from Suit232

8.04.Immunity Rules in Motion232

8.05.Persons Entitled to Immunity234

8.06.Purpose or Nature of the Act?Commercial and Sovereign Acts240

8.07.Some Specific Situations243

8.08.Immunity and Public Debt256

Section Ⅲ.Immunity from Execution259

8.09.Introduction259

8.10.Persons Entitled to Immunity260

8.11.Property Subject to Execution261

8.12.A question of Timing267

Section Ⅳ.Waivers of Immunity269

8.13.Contractual Waivers of Immunity269

8.14.Estoppel by Conduct,Counterclaims275

8.15.Treaty Provisions278

Chapter ⅨTRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION281

9.01.Introduction281

9.02.A Basic Issue of Definitions;Transnational v.Domestic Arbitration285

9.03.Conflict Avoidance;A Reminder290

Section Ⅰ.The Arbitration Agreement291

9.04.Formal Validity291

9.05.Consent292

9.06.Arbitrability of Disputes296

9.07.The Severability Question301

9.08.Enforcement of the Arbitration Agreement305

Section Ⅱ.The Proceedings309

9.09.The Parties;Multipartite Arbitration;Consolidation309

9.10.The Arbitrators314

9.11.Substantive Issues;Application of Law by the Arbitrators;Amicable Composition319

9.12.The Conduct of the Proceedings:The Law Governing the Proceedings325

9.13.Transnational Arbitration and the Courts;Judicial Support;Production of Evidence;Interim Measures of Protection327

9.14.Judicial Control over Transnational Awards331

Section Ⅲ.Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards337

9.15.Preliminary Remarks337

9.16.Foreign Award Final and Binding;The issue of Merger338

9.17.Defenses;Challenge of the Award343

Chapter ⅩARBITRATING STATE CONTRACT DISPUTES351

10.01.Introduction351

Section Ⅰ.The Arbitration Agreement354

10.02.The Arbitrability of State Contract Disputes;Evidence of Authority354

10.03.Consent359

10.04.Binding Character of Consent363

10.05.Enforcement of the Arbitration Agreement;Submission to Arbitration as a Waiver of Immunity372

Section Ⅱ.The Proceedings375

10.06.Preliminary Remarks375

10.07.The Rules Applicable to the Proceedings376

10.08.Interim Measures of Protection382

10.09.Finality of Awards;Remedies385

Section Ⅲ.Recognition and Enforcement of Awards387

10.10.Recognition387

10.11.Enforcement;The Impact of Sovereign Immunity394

Index395