《DIPLOMAT IN CHIEF THE PRESIDENT AT THE SUMMIT》求取 ⇩

1The Presidency and Summit Diplomacy1

The Presidency and the President2

The New Diplomacy8

Summit Diplomacy11

2Presidential Personal Communications18

The President as International Peacemaker19

Presidential Protection of U.S. Interests Abroad23

Presidential Exchanges with Allied Leaders During World War II31

Eisenhower's "Correspondence Diplomacy" with the Kremlin39

Kennedy's "Eyeball to Eyeball" Confrontation in the Cuban Missile Crisis46

Instant Communications and the "Hot Line"52

3Presidential Special Envoys63

Early Secret Agents67

Nineteenth-Century Special Emissaries71

Twentieth-Century Presidential Personal Envoys75

Vietnam War and Iranian Hostage Crisis85

Subsummit Emissaries91

Secretary of State92

Special Assistant for National Security Affairs93

Ambassador-at-Large94

Special Negotiator95

Four-Star Emissaries: House, Hopkins, Harriman, and Kissinger96

Colonel Edward M. House97

Harry L. Hopkins99

W. Averell Harriman101

Henry A. Kissinger104

The Law and the Practice108

4Summit Visits to the United States119

The Foe Who Said He'd Bury Us123

The Queen Who Came to Charm Us128

Summit Visits and Visitors134

Protocol and Procedure: The Mechanics of Summit Visits143

Timing and Duration153

Purposes and Achievements156

5Presidential Trips and Visits Abroad171

Recent Presidential Trips174

State Visits179

Official and Informal Visits182

Presidential Foreign Tours183

Planning and Purposes or-Presidential Trips189

Constitutionality of Presidential Trips Abroad198

6 Summit Meetings and Conferences214

Presidential "Summit Conferencing"218

Woodrow Wilson and the Pads Peace Conference, 1919227

World War II Summit Conferences233

Initial Roosevelt-Churchill Conferences235

Tehran Conference238

Yalta Conference240

Berlin (Potsdam) Conference245

Presidential Conferencing Since World War II252

Ceremonial and Appendant Summitry252

Discussion-Negotiation Sessions254

Multilateral Gatherings257

Manila, Helsinki, and Cancfn Conclaves262

Camp David Meetings265

7 East-West Conferences and Meetings: The Eisenhower Years278

Tortuous Road to the East-West Conferences of 1955 and 1960 280

Preconditions for the East-West Summit Conferences286

The Geneva Conference, 1955292

The Eisenhower-Khrushchev Meeting at Camp David, 1959305

The Paris Conference, 1960308

8 East-West Summit Meetings Since 1960325

Kennedy and Khrushchev at Vienna, 1961326

Johnson and Kosygin at Glassboro, 1967334

Nixon's East-West Meetings in Beijing, Moscow, and Washington341

Beijing, 1972342

Moscow, 1972354

Washington, 1973366

Moscow, 1974375

Ford's East-West Meetings in Vladivostok, Helsinki, and Beijing385

Carter's East-West Meetings in Washington and Vienna392

Reagan's Summit Ventures with China and the Soviet Union408

9 Appraisal of Presidential Personal Diplomacy436

Increasing Personal Diplomacy at the Summit437

Summit vs. Conventional Diplomacy442

The President as His Own Secretary of State451

Advantages, Risks, and Disadvantages455

Advantages456

Risks and Dangers460

Disadvantages465

Observations, Precepts, Conclusions473

Rating Presidents as Diplomats in Chief480

Bibliography490

Index495

About the Author519