《AMERICAN POLITICS THE PEOPLE AND THE POLITY SECOND EDITION》求取 ⇩

Chapter I Introduction1

The Tension Between Governed and Governors in America2

American Political Traditions and Institutions5

Elections5

The Tradition of Rights5

Checks and Balances5

Majority Rule5

Managing the Tension in Practice8

Chapter 2 The American Political Tradition10

Roots of American Democracy11

America: The Promised Land?11

The American Religious Tradition11

American Scientific Thought13

Was the American Revolution Really Revolutionary?15

The American Idea of Political Power16

The British View of Power17

The American Response18

Guarding Against Executive Power19

Legislative Tyranny?22

The American Conception of Rights23

Origins of the People's Rights24

Rights in the New Country25

Fruit of the Revolution: The Constitution26

Independence and Impotence26

The Constitutional Convention29

Power Reconsidered30

Balancing Power in the Constitution31

The Notion of Rights Reconsidered39

Power and Rights: The Tension Continues42

Conclusion44

Suggestions for Further Reading45

Chapter 3 Political Culture and Socialization46

The Substance of American Political Culture47

Has Political Culture Changed since 1776?48

A Political Culture of Inertia?50

Two Sides of American Political Culture52

The Formal Political Culture52

The Informal Political Culture53

American Political Subcultures55

Black Americans56

American Jews57

Learning Political Culture: Political Socialization and Values61

The Role of the Family61

The Role of the School63

The Role of the Mass Media67

Results of Socialization: Children's Attitudes68

Attitudes toward the President68

Attitudes toward Parties and Voting70

Limitations on Childhood Socialization71

The Dynamics of Political Culture72

Population Movement and Social Mobility72

Changes in Education73

Changes in the Distribution of Occupations73

Changes in Family Patterns74

The Effect of the Mass Media74

The Effect of Political Events76

Conclusion77

Suggestions for Further Reading77

Chapter 4 Federalism79

The Dilemma of Federalism80

The Origins of American Federalism81

The "Great Compromise"82

The Constitutional Basis of Federalism82

The Case for Federalism85

The Role .of the States87

The Dynamics of American Federalism91

National Supremacy versus Dual Federalism92

The Marble Cake of Federalism93

Federalism Today: Increased Sharing94

Factors in Federal Sharing94

Cooperative Federalism: Mostly a Matter of Money96

Coordinating Federal Programs99

From Grants-in-Aid to Revenue Sharing99

Citizen Perspectives on the Federal System102

A Loss of Faith102

The National Government: How "Close" to the People?104

The Future of the Federal System106

Conclusion108

Suggestions for Further Reading108

Chapters Congress110

Congress as a Political Institution111

Committees: The "Little Legislatures"112

Parties and Party Leadership in Congress116

Informal Rules of the Congressional Game119

A New Order: Congress Today120

Enacting Legislation126

The Agenda Stage126

The Committee Stage129

The Scheduling Stage129

The Decision Stage130

The Conference Committee Stage135

The Presidential Stage136

Implications of the Legislative Process136

Legislative Oversight137

Casework: The Ombudsman Function140

The Legitimating Function142

How Citizens View Congress143

Ideas about the Institution144

The Problem of Representation147

Types of Representation148

Representation of Strong Preferences150

Who Should Be Represented?151

Changing Constituents, Opinions152

Representation: Two Case Studies153

Congressional Caucuses: A New Form of Representation?157

Conclusion158

Suggestions for Further Reading158

Chapter 6 The Presidency160

The Presidential Job161

The Constitutional Framework162

The Expanding Presidency163

Presidential Power: Scope and Limits168

International Relations168

Domestic Affairs174

The Presidential Establishment182

The Cabinet182

The Executive Office183

The Vice-President185

The President and the News Media186

How Citizens View the Presidency188

Attitudes Toward Presidential Power188

Declines in the Incumbent's Popularity188

Rallying around the President191

Emotional Attachment to Presidents191

The Character of Presidential Power192

Conclusion194

Suggestions for Further Reading194

Chapter 7 The Federal Bureaucracy195

What is Bureaucracy?196

Advantages of Bureaucratic Organization197

Disadvantages of Bureaucratic Organization199

Structure of the Federal Bureaucracy201

Cabinet Departments202

Other Federal Agencies205

Emergence of the Contemporary Federal Bureaucracy206

Early Principles and Developments207

Recent Reforms210

The Bureaucracy's Role in Policymaking and Policy Implementation215

The Legislative Connection215

Subgovernments for Policy Areas217

How Citizens View the Federal Bureaucracy219

Bureaucratic Inefficiency219

The Bureaucrats220

Citizen Access to the Bureaucracy223

Conclusion224

Suggestions for Further Reading225

Chapter 8 The Legal System226

The Functions of a Legal System227

Types of Law227

What Does the Law Do?227

Law and Politics229

The Culture of American Law231

Constitutionalism231

Legalism231

The Adversary System234

America's Court Systems235

Establishment of the Federal Courts236

The Federal Courts Today236

The State Courts239

State Courts and Federal Courts239

The Participants in our Legal System240

Judges241

Lawyers245

The "People" in the Law251

Who Uses the Legal System?256

How Citizens View the Legal System258

Conclusion260

Suggestions for Further Reading261

Chapter 9 The Supreme Court262

Origins of the Court262

Early Attitudes Toward Judicial Power263

The Court's Political Role263

Judicial Review: The Supreme Court's Basis of Power264

The Supreme Court and Abortion: A Case Study268

The Origins of Roe v. Wade269

Deciding Roe v. Wade271

The Aftermath of Roe v. Wade274

The Supreme Court as Policymaker275

What Cases Does the Court Decide?276

The Supreme Court at Work279

The Justices of the Supreme Court281

Explaining the Court's Decisions285

The Role of the Law285

The Role of Interest Groups285

The Justices' Attitudes and Backgrounds287

Group Influences on Judicial Decisions289

The Impact of the Court's Decisions292

Limits on the Court's Reach292

Effects of Court Decisions295

How Citizens View the Supreme Court296

What Does the Public Know about the Court?296

Who Supports the Court?297

The Influence of Public Opinion298

Conclusion299

Suggestions for Further Reading300

ChapterlO Elections301

The Electoral Process302

Why So Many Elections?303

Features of American Elections305

Who Votes?309

influences on Voter Turnout310

The Current Drop in Turnout312

Who Runs for Office and Why?314

A Look at the Candidates315

Advantages of Incumbency316

Obstacles to Representativeness318

Campaigning: What Does It Really Accomplish?318

How Citizens View the Electoral Process321

Public Support for Elections321

The Influence of Partisanship322

Candidate Orientation326

Qualifies of a Good Candidate326

The Influence of Issues328

Campaigning for President330

The Effects of Campaigns on Election Outcomes334

The 1980 Election335

The Changing Electorate337

Conclusion338

Suggestions for Further Reading339

Chapter 11 Political Parties340

What Parties Do342

Selecting Candidates342

Conducting Campaigns344

Posing Policy Alternatives345

Some New (and Renewed) Party Roles347

What is a Political Party?350

The Party in Government351

Chief Executives: Restrained Partisans352

Parties in the Legislature354

The Party in Government: Accountability355

Party Organization356

The Activists: Who Participates and Why?357

National Conventions360

The Party in the Electorate364

How Citizens View Political Parties366

American Party Systems: Past, Present, and Future367

The Two-Party System and Political Change368

Party Realignments370

Conclusion375

Suggestions for Further Reading376

Chapter 12 Interest Groups377

What is an Interest Group?377

Single-Interest Groups: A Challenge to "Politics as Usual"382

Group Goals, Resources, and Techniques384

Goals384

Resources387

Techniques of Influence392

How Effective Are Interest Groups?399

Citizen's and Interest Groups401

Why Belong?401

A Nation of loiners?402

Who Participates?403

Public Interest Groups405

Oil and Interests: A Case Study408

Resources and Tactics of "Big Oil"408

Opponents of "Big Oil"411

Conclusion412

Suggestions for Further Reading413

Chapter 13 The Making of Public Policy414

What is Public Policy?415

How Policies are Made416

Individuals as Decision Makers416

Groups as Decision Makers418

Institutions, Processes, and Policymaking420

Subgovernments425

The Budget and Policymaking427

Types of Public Policies430

Distributive Policies430

Regulatory Policies430

Redistributive Policies431

Policy Evaluation431

Outputs and Impacts433

The Use of Public-Policy Evaluation434

Conclusion435

Economic Policymaking: A Case Study436

Agenda Setting437

Policy Formation437

Implementation442

Evaluation443

Suggestions for Further Reading444

Chapter 14 Individual Rights446

Rights and the Constitution446

The Bill of Rights and the States448

Is the Bill of Rights Enough?450

Rights in Reality450

Enforcement of Rights453

The Rights of Citizenship454

Equality456

Racial Equality457

Gender Equality464

Freedom of Expression467

Freedom of Speech467

Freedom of the Press472

Freedom of Religion480

The Establishment Clause481

The Free Exercise Clause482

Privacy484

The Rights of Criminal Defendants487

Incorporating the Bill of Rights487

The Exclusionary Rule488

The "Miranda Rule"489

The Right to Counsel490

The Right to a Fair Trial491

Conclusion492

Suggestions for Further Reading492

Chapter 15 The American System and Its Critics494

The Pluralist Interpretation495

Pluralism and Popular Representation495

Pluralism and Popular Control496

Complaints about our Pluralist System497

The Complaint about Elite Rule498

The Complaint That Government Does Not Deliver503

Structural Limitations504

Conflict with Other Values504

Do Citizens Deserve Much of the Blame?506

Popular Misconceptions508

The Irrational Citizen?509

Are Most Citizens Apathetic?510

Conclusion511

Suggestions for Further Reading512

Chapter 16 Alternative Forms of Democracy513

Reform Pluralism514

The Case for Reform Pluralism514

The Case against Reform Pluralism515

Participatory Democracy518

The Case for Participatory Democracy519

The Case against Participatory Democracy522

Too Much "Community"?526

Populism527

Faith in People528

The Value of Leadership530

The Problems of Popular Participation531

The Problems of Strong Leadership533

Democratic Socialism534

The Case for Socialist Democracy534

The Case against Socialist Democracy535

Conclusion537

Suggestions for Further Reading538

The Declaration of Independence539

The Constitution542

Index557