《英语学习者用参考语法》

Part OneChapter OneConstructing the sentenceA Finite clauses and simple sentences1

B The noun phrase2

C The verb phrase8

E Collective nouns 119

ContentsPreface9

Engl ish vowel and consonant sounds11

Conventions and abbreviations used12

D Different functions of the noun phrase21

E Prepositional phrases24

F Adverb particles27

G Adiectives29

H Adverbials30

I Co-ordination33

J Types of clause structure33

K Types of question35

L Negation38

M Short responses39

N Exclamations39

Chapter TwoExpanding the sentenceA Co-ordinate clauses40

B Subordinate clauses42

C Noun clauses43

D Relative clauses50

E Adverbial clauses:time,place and manner56

F Other adverbial clauses58

G Cleft sentences67

H Length of sentences67

Chapter ThreeInfinitive,-ing and-edA The bare infinitive69

B The infinitivewith to70

C The ing participle and gerund78

D Infinitive or-ing?81

E The-ed participle84

Chapter FourCondensing the sentenceA Non-finite clauses89

B Verbless clauses100

D Complex prepositional phrases101

C Replacement of a finite verb by a noun101

E Pro-forms102

F Ellipsis104

Part TwoChapter FiveThe noun phrase(1):NounsA Typical noun endings107

B Count nouns and mass nouns109

C Irregular pluralofnouns112

D Nouns endingin-s117

F Compound nouns,singular and plural120

H Nouns as modifiers ofother nouns121

G Plural of proper nouns121

I The genitive123

J Male and female125

Chapter SixThe noun phrase(2):Determiners and pronounsA Seven ways of using a determiner126

B Indefinite identifiers129

C Definite identifiers133

D Definite quantifiers140

E Indefinite quantifiers140

F Determiners which are either identifiers or quantifiers142

G Indefinite pronouns formed from some,any,every,no146

I Combinations of determiners148

H Negation of determiners148

J Modifiers ofdeterminers149

Chapter SevenAdjectivesA Form151

B Comparison152

C Adjectives in the noun phrase156

D Adjectives used predicatively159

Adjectives followed by prepositions etc.161

E Adjectives as head of a nominal group165

Chapter EightPrepositional phrases and adverb particlesA Prepositions and adverb particles expressing relationships in space166

B Prepositions expressing relationships in time174

C Prepositions with other meanings177

Chapter NineThe verb phrase(1):FormA Typical verb endings184

B Irregular verbs185

Chapter TenThe verb phrase(2):Verb patternsA Verb patterns190

B Infinitive or-ing:either possible but with different meanings205

C Alphabetical list of selected verbs,with the patterns in which they occur207

D Collocations with simple verbs223

Chapter ElevenThe verb phrase(3):The passive226

Chapter TwelveThe verb phrase (4):Phrasal verbs232

Chapter ThirteenThe verb phrase(5):Tense and aspectA Present and past tense,progressive and perfective aspect241

B Future254

C Future in the past261

D Sequence of tenses262

Chapter FourteenThe verb phrase(6):The modalsA Primary uses263

B Secondary uses273

C Other modals275

Chapter FifteenAdverbialsA Form279

B Adjuncts281

C Disjuncts and conjuncts296

Appendix OneSummary of spelling rules298

Appendix TwoNotes on punctuation and the use of capital letters301

Bibliography305

Index307