《Flight Stability and Automatic Control》

1Introduction1

1.1 Atmospheric Flight Mechanics1

1.2 Basic Definitions3

1.3 Aerostatics7

1.4 Development of Bernoulli’s Equation9

1.5 The Atmosphere12

1.6 Aerodynamic Nomenclature19

1.7 Aircraft Instruments22

1.8 Summary32

Problems32

References33

2Static Stability and Control35

2.1 Historical Perspective35

2.2 Introduction39

2.3 Static Stability and Control42

2.4 Longitudinal Control62

2.5 Stick Forces70

2.6 Definition of Directional Stability73

2.7 Directional Control77

2.8 Roll Stability78

2.9 Roll Control81

2.10 Summary84

Problems85

References95

3Aircraft Equations of Motion96

3.1 Introduction96

3.2 Derivation of Rigid Body Equations of Motion97

3.3 Orientation and Position of the Airplane101

3.4 Gravitational and Thrust Forces103

3.5 Small-Disturbance Theory104

3.6 Aerodynamic Force and Moment Representation108

3.7 Summary127

Problems128

References130

4Longitudinal Motion （Stick Fixed）131

4.1 Historical Perspective131

4.2 Second-Order Differential Equations133

4.3 Pure Pitching Motion139

4.4 Stick Fixed Longitudinal Motion147

4.5 Longitudinal Approximations152

4.6 The Influence of Stability Derivatives on the Longitudinal Modes of Motion162

4.7 Flying Qualities164

4.8 Flight Simulation169

4.9 Summary171

Problems174

References179

5Lateral Motion （Stick Fixed）181

5.1 Introduction181

5.2 Pure Rolling Motion182

5.3 Pure Yawing Motion188

5.4 Lateral-Directional Equations of Motion193

5.5 Lateral Flying Qualities203

5.6 Inertial Coupling205

5.7 Summary206

Problems206

References210

6Aircraft Response to Control or Atmospheric Inputs212

6.1 Introduction212

6.2 Equations of Motion in a Nonuniform Atmosphere215

6.3 Pure Vertical or Plunging Motion218

6.4 Atmospheric Turbulence225

6.5 Harmonic Analysis227

6.6 Wind Shear229

6.7 Summary232

Problems233

References234

7Automatic Control Theory—The Classical Approach235

7.1 Introduction235

7.2 Routh’s Criterion238

7.3 Root Locus Technique243

7.4 Frequency Domain Techniques250

7.5 Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Specifications251

7.6 Steady-State Error258

7.7 Control System Design262

7.8 PID Controller271

7.9 Summary274

Problems275

References280

8Application of Classical Control Theory to Aircraft Autopilot Design281

8.1 Introduction281

8.2 Aircraft Transfer Functions283

8.3 Control Surface Actuator288

8.4 Displacement Autopilot292

8.5 Stability Augmentation312

8.6 Instrument Landing314

8.7 Summary318

Problems319

References322

9Modern Control Theory323

9.1 Introduction323

9.2 State-Space Modeling324

9.3 Canonical Transformations335

9.4 Controllability and Observability344

9.5 State Feedback Design347

9.6 State Variable Reconstruction：The State Observer355

9.7 Optimal State-Space Control System Design359

9.8 Summary362

Problems362

References366

10Application of Modern Control Theory to Aircraft Autopilot Design367

10.1 Introduction367

10.2 Stability Augmentation367

10.3 Autopilot Design379

10.4 State Observer383

10.5 Optimal Control386

10.6 Summary391

Problems391

References394

Appendices395

AAtmospheric Tables （ICAO Standard Atmosphere）395

B Geometric，Mass，and Aerodynamic Characteristics of Selected Airplanes398

C Mathematical Review of Laplace Transforms and Matrix Algebra420

D Review of Control System Analysis Techniques429

Index435