《plasticity . A mechanics of the plastic state of matter》求取 ⇩

PART ⅠTHE PLASTIC STATE OF MATTER WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO METALS AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROBLEMS1

CHAPTER 13

SOLID AND FLUID STATES—PLASTICITY AND VISCOSITY3

CHAPTER 27

BEHAVIOR OF MATTER UNDER HIGH PRESSURE7

(a) Polymorphism8

(b) Viscosity9

(c) The Compressibility of Metals10

(d) of Glasses12

(e) of Liquids12

(f) Effect on the Rigidity12

(g) The Cohesion of Liquids13

(h) Optical and Other Effects.13

CHAPTER 314

THE ORDERED AND UNORDERED STATES OF MATTER14

CHAPTER 418

EFFECT OF GRAIN STRUCTURE AND OF CHANGING TEMPERATURE UPON THE STRENGTH—TIME EFFECTS18

(a) Constitution19

(b) Absolute Size of Crystalgrains19

(c) Imperfections in Structure19

(d) Temperature19

(e) Time.19

CHAPTER 523

ELASTIC AND PERMANENT DEFORMATION23

(a) Distinction of Different Stress-strain Curves (of Iron-,of Copper Type)23

(b) After-flow26

(c) Elastic Hysteresis27

(d) Elastic After-effect.29

CHAPTER 630

ON THE MECHANISM OF PLASTIC DEFORMATION IN THE GRAIN STRUC-TURE30

(a) Slip; Translations in the Crystal Lattice30

(b) Formation of Twins30

(c) Changes of Position of Atoms Because of Agitation Due to Heat32

(d) Breakdown of Structure—Gradual Loosening of Structure with Increasing Stress—Structure-sensitive and Struc-ture-insensitive Properties of Solids—The Mosaic Crystal.32

CHAPTER 739

STRESS39

CHAPTER 843

MOHR'S REPRESENTATION OF STRESS43

(a) Mohr's "Stress plane "43

(b) Mohr's "Stress Circle" for Plane Stress44

(c) The Principal Shearing Stresses.46

CHAPTER 948

STRAIN48

CHAPTER 1053

INFINITESIMAL STRAIN53

CHAPTER 1155

LIMITING STATES OF STRESS55

CHAPTER 1259

THEORIES OF STkENGTH AND RELATED TESTS59

(a) Maximum Stress59

(b) Maximum Strain59

(c) Constant Energy of Deformation59

(d) Maximum Shear Theory60

(e) Theory of O. Mohr—Advantages of the Latter over Other; Limits of Its Validity61

(f) Tests Relative to Conditions of Yielding in Poly-crystalline Materials63

(g) The Influence of the Mean Principal Stress on the Yielding of Metals66

(h) Fracture.68

CHAPTER 1370

NEW THEORIES70

CHAPTER 1475

THE STATIONARY FLOW OF A PLASTIC MASS75

CHAPTER 1580

TENSION80

(a) The Stress-strain Curve and the Curve of True Stresses for Ductile Metals80

(b) Mechanical Similarity84

(c) Upper and Lower Yield Stress for Steel.85

CHAPTER 1686

STRAIN OR FLOW FIGURES86

(a)Strain Figures in Mild Steel; Lüders' Lines; Method of Etching Them; Observing Them by "Schlierenmethod"86

(b) Phenomena Occurring in Flow Layers92

(c) The Peak of the Stress-strain Curve of Steel93

(d) The Production of Flow Lines by Notches and Holes96

(e) Elastic Stress Distribution and the Beginning of Plastic Flow in a Plate with a Circular Hole100

(f) How Plastic Flow Starts around a Hole—Appendix: Hole in Region Subjected to to Pure Shear.102

CHAPTER 17108

COMPRESSION108

(a) Development of the Flow Layers. Compressed Cylinders109

(b) The Plane Problem in Compression115

(c) Prisms117

(d) Compres-sion Tests with Metals—Comparison of the Stress-strain Diagrams in Tension and Compression—Siebels Compression Test.120

CHAPTER 18126

TORSION OF A CYLINDRICAL BAR OF CIRCULAR CROSS-SECTION126

The Stress-strain Curve for Pure Shear.126

CHAPTER 19129

THE PROBLEM OF PLASTIC TORSION. EXPERIMENTAL REPRESENTATION OF STRESS DISTRIBUTION129

(a) Elastic Torsion—Prandtl's Soap-film Analogy—The Elastic Stress Function for Torsion.130

(b) The Plastic Stress Function of Torsion—The Sand-heap Analogy.132

(c) Apparatus for Experi-mental Determination of Stress Distribution—Sand Heaps.138

CHAPTER 20144

TORSION TESTS. THE SLIP LAYERS IN TWISTED STEEL BARS144

(a) Study of Structure of Twisted Steel Bars144

(b) Structure Due to Cooling and Fluidal Structure.147

CHAPTER 21151

EFFECT OF HOLES OR GROOVES IN A REGION SUBJECTED TO PURE SHEAR151

(a) Longitudinal Groove with Semicircular Cross-section—Model Tests with Rubber Membrane—Spreading of Plastic Region from Hole or Notch151

(b) Bars with Cylindrical Hole156

(c) Bars with Longitudinal Grooves—Tests.156

CHAPTER 22160

BENDING OF BARS WITH ARBITRARY LAW OF DEFORMATION160

CHAPTER 23164

PURE BENDING OF BAR WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS-SECTION164

(a) To Determine from Known Stress Strain Relation How the Bending Moment Varies with the Deflection164

(b) Inverse Problem: To Determine Stress-strain Curve from Bending Test—Examples165

CHAPTER 24168

BAR SUBJECTED TO PLASTIC BENDING168

(a) Initial Yield or Flow in Steel Bar168

(b) Example of the Spread of the Plastic Regions in a Bar Stressed Slightly above the Yield Point.169

CHAPTER 25173

PLASTIC BENDING CONSIDERING WORK HARDENING173

CHAPTER 26178

BUCKLING OF BARS AFTER THE YIELD POINT IS EXCEEDED178

CHAPTER 27182

THE PLANE PROBLEM182

(a) Plane Strain—Condition of Plasticity182

(b) Plane Stress—Ellipse of Plasticity.184

CHAPTER 28186

THE THICK-WALLED TUBE UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE186

(a) Tube under Internal Pressure Yielding without Change of Axial Length187

(b) Yielding in Thin Plate with Circular Hole or Flat Rings Radially Stressed189

(c) Comparison of Both Cases with That of Perfectly Elastic Tube194

(d) Partial Yielding in Thick Walled Tube.196

CHAPTER 29201

PLASTIC FLOW IN HOLLOW CYLINDER FOR ARBITRARY LAW OF DEFOR-MATION CONSIDERING WORK HARDENING201

(a) Yielding of a Die-cast Aluminum Tube203

(b) Similarity of Three Stress Distributions under General Law of Plastic Flow.207

CHAPTER 30208

DISTRIBUTION OF STRESS IN ROTATING CYLINDERS AND DISCS208

(a) Plastic Flow in Rotating Cylinder under Plane Strain207

(b) Comparison with Elastic Rotating Cylinder210

(c) Rotating Disc212

(1) Solid Disc; Partial and Complete Yielding212

(2) Rotating Disc with Hole.214

CHAPTER 31215

GENERAL PROBLEM OF PLASTIC FLOW WITH AXIAL SYMMETRY ABOUT AN Axis215

(a) Hollow Cylinder Subjected to Internal Pressure and Axial Load215

(b) Combined Torsion and Axial Tension in Solid Cylin-drical Bar.216

CHAPTER 32218

SYSTEMS OF SLIP LINES IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS218

CHAPTER 33221

PLASTIC MASS PRESSED BETWEEN Two ROUGH PARALLEL PLATES221

CHAPTER 34227

OTHER CASES OF PLANE PLASTIC FLOW227

(a) Radial Yielding227

(b) Circles as Envelopes of Slip Lines229

(c) Vortical Flow in a Plastic Mass229

(d) Radial Distribution in a Wedge-shaped Space.230

CHAPTER 35233

HARDNESS233

CHAPTER 36241

THE PROBLEM OF CONTACT OF ELASTIC BODIES241

(a) General Remarks241

(b) Contact of Two Elastic Spheres241

(c) Contact of Two Elastic Cylinders.242

CHAPTER 37243

PHOTO-ELASTIC CONTACT TESTS AND OBSERVATION OF SLIP LINES UNDER PLASTIC IMPRESSIONS243

(a) Shearing Stress Lines (Isochromatics) and Shearing Stress Trajectories (Slip Lines)243

(b) Single Force Acting on an Infinite Plane244

(1) Michell's Radial Stress Distribution244

(2) Uniform Pressure along Half Plane245

(3) Uniform Pressure along a Parallel Strip247

(4) Rigid Punch249

(5) Slip Lines250

(c) Two Concentrated Loads—Plastic Flow in the Rolling Process—Tests.251

CHAPTER 38258

INHERENT AND RESIDUAL STRESSES258

(a) First Method of Calculating Residual Stresses—Examples260

(1) Twisted Bar261

(2) Hollow Cylinder Stressed by Internal Pressure263

(b) Experimental Demonstration of Residual Stresses264

(c) Second Method of Finding Residual Stresses.266

CHAPTER 39270

ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES. CREEP OF METALS270

(a) Isotropic Elasticity270

(b) Perfect Plasticity270

(c) Work Hardening271

(d) Recovery272

(e) Influence of Velocity of Deformation273

(f) the Stress-strain-velocity Diagram274

(g) Homologous Tempera-tures275

(h) the Effect of Temperature on Elasticity277

(i) The Effect of Temperature on Plasticity280

(j) Viscosity282

(k) Change of Viscosity of Liquids with Temperature283

(l) Creep of Metals.285

PART IISOME APPLICATIONS OF THE MECHANICS OF THE PLASTIC STATE OF MATTER TO GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS289

CHAPTER 40291

FINITE HOMOGENEOUS STRAIN291

(a) Distortion without Change of Volume294

(b) Plane Strain294

(c) Simple Shear294

(d) Determination of Principal Axes of Plane Strain295

(e) Simple Shear of Rock Layers299

(f) Pure Shear304

(g) The Phenomenon of Slip in Rocks—Surfaces of Slip for305

(1) Finite Simple Shear and305

(2) for Pure Shear306

(h) Plastic Deformation with Volumetric Extension.306

CHAPTER 41308

THE PRESSURE IN THE EARTH'S INTERIOR308

(a) The Elastic Compressibility of the Rocks308

(b) The Change in Gravitational Acceleration and Pressure with Depth310

(1) Homo-geneous Sphere311

(2) Parabolic Distribution of Density312

(3) The Metal Core and the Silicate Shell.313

CHAPTER 42315

MOUNTAIN BUILDING315

CHAPTER 43319

PLASTIC LAYER BETWEEN BRITTLE LAYERS. THE ORIGIN OF THE ROCK-SALT DOMES319

CHAPTER 44324

THE WEIGHT OF THE CONTINENTS324

CHAPTER 45328

TRACES OF MOTION IN THE STRUCTURE OF ROCKS328

(a) The Streaks and Joints in Granite—The Observations of H. Cloos on Granite Stocks328

(b) Tension Cracks—Shearing Surfaces330

(c) Ordered Arrangement of the Rock Inclusions331

(1) The Trachyte Cone of the " Drachenfels"331

(2) The Bulging Out of Molten Volcanic Masses—Oriented Structure of Rocks Developed in the Solid State.333

BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR CHAPTERS 40 TO 45340

INDEX341