《FORENSIC SCIENCE AN INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINALISTICS》求取 ⇩

1About Forensic Science1

SCIENCE AND LAW1

SCOPE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE4

ORIGINS OF FORENSIC SCIENCE8

DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE IN THE UNITED STATES12

LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND SERVICES15

FORENSIC SCIENCE INVOLVEMENT IN CRIMINAL CASES18

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE21

2Physical Evidence29

INFORMATION THAT PHYSICAL EVIDENCE CAN REVEAL29

CLASSIFICATION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE32

STAGES IN PHYSICAL-EVIDENCE ANALYSIS38

3Methods and Techniques in Forensic Science50

INTRODUCTION50

PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS AND METHODS50

CHEMICAL METHODS56

BIOLOGICAL METHODS78

MICROSCOPY AND MICROSCOPICAL METHODS81

PRESENT-DAY CAPABILITIES92

4Arson Accelerants and Explosives95

INTRODUCTION95

CHEMISTRY OF FIRES AND FUELS96

FIRE PATTERNS106

RECOGNITION AND COLLECTION OF ARSON EVIDENCE107

LABORATORY EXAMINATION OF ARSON EVIDENCE111

EXPLOSIVES AND EXPLOSIONS114

LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF EXPLOSIVE RESIDUES119

5Drug Analysis and Forensic Toxicology123

INTRODUCTION123

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF DRUGS124

POISONS—TOXIC SUBSTANCES131

COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF DRUGS AND POISONS133

LABORATORY EXAMINATION OF DRUGS AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES133

BREATH-ALCOHOL AND BLOOD-ALCOHOL ANALYSIS140

6Transfer and Trace Evidence146

INTRODUCTION146

TRANSFER AND TRACE EVIDENCE: NATURE, DIFFERENCES,DIVERSITY, OCCURRENCE147

COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF TRACE AND TRANSFER EVIDENCE150

LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS OF TRANSFER AND TRACE EVIDENCE159

7Glass and Soil168

INTRODUCTION168

GLASS168

SOIL180

8Fibers and Hairs192

INTRODUCTION192

FIBERS192

HAIRS205

COLLECTION OF FIBER AND HAIR EVIDENCE209

LABORATORY EXAMINATION OF FIBERS AND HAIRS212

9Blood230

INTRODUCTION230

THE NATURE OF BLOOD231

RECONSTRUCTIONS FROM BLOODSTAIN PATTERNS AND CHARACTERISTICS233

INDIVIDUALIZING CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD233

RULES OF INHERITANCE241

COLLECTION, PRESERVATION, AND PACKAGING OF BLOOD EVIDENCE244

LABORATORY EXAMINATION AND INTERPRETATION OF BLOODSTAIN EVIDENCE246

IDENTIFICATION OF BLOOD246

10Body Fluids264

INTRODUCTION264

ABO-BLOOD-GROUP SUBSTANCES IN BODY FLUIDS—SECRETOR SYSTEM265

COLLECTION, PACKAGING, AND PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE266

EVIDENCE COLLECTION IN SEXUAL ASSAULT CASES267

LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF SEMEN AND SEMINAL STAINS269

LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF SALIVA AND SALIVA STAINS277

LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF OTHER BODY FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS278

11Physical Patterns284

INTRODUCTION284

PHYSICAL PATTERNS IN IDENTIFICATION285

PHYSICAL PATTERNS IN INDIVIDUALIZATION286

PHYSICAL PATTERNS IN RECONSTRUCTION294

DOCUMENTATION, COLLECTION, AND PRESERVATION OF PATTERN EVIDENCE319

LABORATORY EXAMINATION OF PHYSICAL PATTERN EVIDENCE324

12Fingerprints and Other Patterns forPersonal Identification330

INTRODUCTION330

FINGERPRINTS331

OTHER PAPILLARY OR FRICTION RIDGE PATTERNS352

ODONTOLOGICAL PATTERNS353

VOICEPRINT INDIVIDUALIZATION354

MISCELLANEOUS PATTERNS FOR HUMAN IDENTIFICATION AND INDIVIDUALIZATION356

13Questioned Document Examination360

INTRODUCTION360

COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF DOCUMENT EVIDENCE362

WRITING INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS362

HANDWRITING COMPARISON366

MECHANICAL IMPRESSIONS370

RECONSTRUCTIONS376

14Toolmarks and Firearms383

INTRODUCTION383

TOOLMARK COMPARISON384

FUNDAMENTALS OF FIREARMS388

COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF FIREARMS EVIDENCE398

FIREARMS COMPARISON399

RECONSTRUCTION IN SHOOTING CASES AND GUNSHOT RESIDUE ANALYSIS404

NUMBER RESTORATIONS408

Appendixes413

1Scientific Measurement—Metric System413

2General Crime-Scene Procedure415

INTRODUCTION415

PROTECTION OF THE SCENE415

RECOGNITION418

DOCUMENTATION418

SEARCHES419

COLLECTION423

MARKING OF EVIDENCE423

PACKAGING424

TRANSPORTATION425

3Fundamentals of Photography426

INTRODUCTION426

LIGHT AND LIGHTING427

LENSES428

FILM AND ELEMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMISTRY432

FILM SPEED, GRAIN SIZE, AND CONTRAST435

THE CAMERA437

CONTROL OF EXPOSURE438

THE CAMERA—VIEWING AND FOCUSING SYSTEMS442

EXPOSURE DETERMINATION METHODS444

COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY446

CONCLUSION448

INDEX451