《EQUALITY AND DISCRIMATION UNDER INTERNATIOAL LAW》

INTRODUCTION1

Ⅰ.MINORITY PROTECTION AFTER WORLD WAR Ⅰ14

1.The Omission of Articles on Minorities and Religious and Racial Equality from the League of Nations Covenant14

2.The Protection of Minorities under the League20

Ⅱ.MINORITIES AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS GUARANTEE27

1.The League Guarantee in Operation27

2.Disillusionment with the League System and Proposals for the Future33

Ⅲ.THE POST-WORLD WAR Ⅱ PEACE TREATIES46

Ⅳ.DEVELOPMENTS UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS52

1.The Equality of Individuals under the United Nations Charter52

2.The Inclusion of References to the Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights62

Ⅴ.THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANS72

1.The Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities72

2.The Meaning of 'Prevention of Discrimination' and 'Protection of Minorities'82

Ⅵ.INTERNATIONAL STUDIES OF DISCRIMINATION88

1.Racial Discrimination in Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories88

2.The Studies Undertaken by the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities.The Work of Non-Governmental Organizations and United Nations Seminars94

Ⅶ.THE CONVENTIONS AND DECLARATIONS (1)102

1.Conventions or Recommendations102

2.Genocide105

3.Apartheid112

4.Slavery116

5.Religious Belief:The Neglected Discrimination121

Ⅷ.THE CONVENTIONS AND DECLARATIONS (2)124

1.The Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention,1958124

2.The Convention on Discrimination in Education,1960128

Ⅸ.THE CONVENTIONS AND DECLARATIONS (3)136

1.The Covenants on Human Rights,1966136

2.The Racial Discrimination Convention152

Ⅹ.THE CONVENTIONS AND DECLARATIONS (4) EQUALITY OF THE SEXES166

1.Equal Treatment and Remuneration for Women166

(a) ILO Convention no.100166

(b) European Economic Community Legislation168

2.The Political Rights of Women178

3.The Covenants on Human Rights,1966,and the 1967 Declaration182

4.The 1980 Convention186

Ⅺ.EQUALITY IN THE TREATMENT OF ALIENS194

Ⅻ.THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS204

1.The Principle of Non-Discrimination204

2.The Jurisprudence of the European Commission and Court of Human Rights214

3.Supplementary Proposals223

ⅩⅢ.EQUAL PROTECTION IN THE UNITED STATES AND INDIA228

1.The United States228

2.India248

ⅩⅣ.THE SOUTH WEST AFRICA CASES AND THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY258

ⅩⅤ.NON-DISCRIMINATION AS A LEGAL PRINCIPLE264

1.Standards264

2.Norms271

3.The Equality of Individuals as a Jus Cogens Principle277

ⅩⅥ.CONCLUSIONS285

ANNEX Ⅰ.International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,1965289

ANNEX Ⅱ.(a) Articles concerned with Equality and NonDiscrimination in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,1966303

(b) Articles concerned with Equality and NonDiscrimination in the International Covenant on Economic,Social,and Cultural Rights,1966307

ANNEX Ⅲ.The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women,1980309

INDEX OF CASES323

GENERAL INDEX329