《Compatibility of international and national environmental law》

PART Ⅰ3

1Law and International Environmental Management3

1.1The International Environment3

1.1.1 Limits of the Biosphere3

1.1.2 Pollution in the International Context6

1.2The Legal Response10

1.2.1 Structural Changes10

1.2.2 National - International10

1.2.3 Coexistence - Co-operation14

1.2.4 Reparation - Prevention17

1.2.5 Laissez-faire - Coordination18

1.2.6 Absolute Sources Doctrine - Relative Normativity19

1.2.7 Piece-by-piece - Holism23

1.2.8 Shortcomings24

1.3A Theory on the Compatibility of International and National Environmental Law26

1.3.1 Components of International Environmental Law and Management27

1.3.2 National Means for the Implementation of Environmental Treaties30

1.3.3 The Concept of Compatibility32

1.3.4 Incompatibility of International and National Environmental Law39

1.3.5 Enforcement of International Environmental Law43

2Linking International and National Environmental Law46

2.1 Outlines of the Chapter46

2.2The Systematic Relation of International and National Law47

2.2.1 Ecology and Law as Systems47

2.2.2 International and National Law； One or Several Legal Systems？48

2.2.3 Hans Kelsen vs Dionisio Anzilotti49

2.2.4 Criticism and Conclusion52

2.3 Does International Law Concern the Legal Position of Individuals？56

2.4 International Obligations not Related to the Legal Position of Individuals62

2.5International Obligations Related to the Legal Position of Individuals63

2.5.1 “Rights” and “Duties”63

2.5.2 Legal Positions - “Jural Correlatives”66

2.5.3 A Legal or Factual Situation？70

2.6 Conclusions76

3Normative Structures and the Discretion of States77

3.1 Outlines of the Chapter77

3.2 Norms of Conduct and Norms of Competence in International Environmental Law78

3.3Defining International Obligations on Pollution Control83

3.3.1 Different Normative Structures and Criteria83

3.3.2 Balancing Norms86

3.3.3 Fixed Norms89

3.3.4 Goal-oriented Norms90

3.3.5 Domestic Procedures91

3.3.6 Non-discrimination92

3.4 External Aspects of the Different Structures92

3.5 Discretion95

3.6 Conclusions98

PART Ⅱ103

4International Obligations Defined by Balancing Norms103

4.1 Outlines of the Chapter103

4.2Due Diligence Obligations103

4.2.1 Customary Due Diligence Obligations103

4.2.2 Codified Due Diligence Obligations107

4.2.3 Criteria for Implementation113

4.3Stricter Obligations of Balancing Norms114

4.3.1 Introduction； between Due Diligence and Complete Prohibition114

4.3.2 Concepts Indicating Stricter Requirements than Due Diligence115

4.3.3 Criteria for Implementation120

4.4Balancing Source Standards122

4.4.1 Introduction； Historical Development122

4.4.2 The Concept of Best Available Technology in International Law125

4.4.3 Other Balancing Source Standards of International Law128

4.4.4 Criteria for Implementation130

4.5 Conclusions134

5International Obligations Defined by Fixed Norms136

5.1 Outlines of the Chapter136

5.2Percentage Reduction Obligations136

5.2.1 Introduction136

5.2.2 Issue Areas138

5.2.3 Criteria for Implementation143

5.3Complete Prohibitions145

5.3.1 Introduction145

5.3.2 Issue Areas146

5.3.3 Criteria for Implementation149

5.4Fixed Source Standards150

5.4.1 Introduction150

5.4.2 Issue Areas152

5.4.3 Criteria for Implementation154

5.5Civil Liability155

5.5.1 Introduction155

5.5.2 Issue Areas157

5.5.3 Criteria for Implementation160

5.6 Conclusions161

6International Obligations Defined by Goal-oriented Norms163

6.1 Outlines of the Chapter163

6.2Recipient Standards/Objectives165

6.2.1 Introduction165

6.2.2 Issue Areas166

6.2.3 Criteria for Implementation172

6.3Other Goal-oriented Approaches in a Transboundary Context174

6.3.1 The “Threshold Concept” of Customary International Law174

6.3.2 Critical Loads and Transboundary Pollution177

6.4 Conclusions178

7International Obligations Relating to Domestic Procedures180

7.1 Outlines of the Chapter180

7.2 Prior Approval by National Institution181

7.3 Environmental Impact Assessment185

7.4 Public Participation and Legal Standing188

7.5 Conclusions190

8International Obligations on Non-discrimination191

8.1 Outlines of the Chapter191

8.2 Issue Areas191

8.3 Conclusions197

9 Some Remarks on the Legal Approaches Presented198

PART Ⅲ203

10Integrating Environmental Treaties with Domestic Law203

10.1 Outlines of the Chapter203

10.2Consideration of Treaties by Domestic Institutions206

10.2.1 Particular Treaty Incorporation206

10.2.2 Various Approaches to Direct Application of Treaties208

10.2.3 A Domestic Legal Source？217

10.3Normative Integration and the Notion of Compatibility of International and National Environmental Law219

10.3.1 Pro et Contra219

10.3.2 Normative Integration and Different Approaches of International Environmental Law226

10.4 Conclusions231

11Sustainable Development233

11.1 Outlines of the Chapter233

11.2 Sustainable Development and the North-South Issue235

11.3The Legal Impact on Pollution Control237

11.3.1 The World Commission on Environment and Development237

11.3.2 The WCED Experts Group on Environmental Law239

11.3.3 An Evolving Legal Principle？240

11.3.4 Attempts of Specification243

11.4Transposing the Objective to Operational Standards246

11.4.1 Three Key Constituents246

11.4.2 Environmental Quality247

11.4.3 Pro et Contra249

11.4.4 Precaution and Environmental Impact Assessments252

11.5 Sustainable Development and the Compatibility of International and National Environmental Law255

Table of Treaties and Other International Documents257

Table of Cases270

Bibliography273

Index299