《ELECTRODEPOSITION OF ALLOYS:PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE VOLUME Ⅰ》

Part ⅠGENERAL AND PRACTICAL1

1．Survey of Alloy Plating3

1．1What Is ar Alloy?3

1．2 Definition of Powdered Alloys4

1．3 What Are Electrodeposited Alloys?5

1．4 Scope of Alloy Deposition5

1．5 Properties of Electrodeposited Alloys7

1．6 Present and Potential Uses of Alloy Deposits9

1．7 Potential Uses of the Alloy Plating Process10

References11

2．History and Literature of the Electrodeposition of Alloys12

2．1Invention of,and Early Interest in,Electroforming12

2．2 Birth of Modern Electroplating14

2．3 Alloy Plating before 190015

2．4 Alloy Plating since 190017

2．5 Literature of Alloy Deposition19

References19

3．Conductors,Current Flow,Electrode Potentials,and Definitions22

3．1Electrical Conductors22

3．2 Passage of Current from a Metallic Conductor to an Electrolyte24

3．3 Voltage25

3．4 Definitions of Electrical Terms26

3．5 Conventions Regarding Signs of Electrodes29

3．6 Static Potentials32

3．7 Synopsis of the Types of Alloy Plating Systems and the Six Principles of Alloy Deposition40

References42

4．Practical Considerations Involved in the Electrodeposition of Alloys44

4．1Introduction44

4．2 General Conditions for Electrodepositing Alloys45

4．3 Role of Static Potentials in the Electrodeposition of Alloys46

4．4 Role of Dynamic Potentials in the Electrodeposition of Alloys56

4．5 Replenishment of the Metal Content of Alloy Plating Baths59

4．6 Codeposition in Electrorefining71

References72

5．Variation in the Composition of Electrodeposited Alloys with the Composition of the Bath75

5．1General Discussion:Classification,Definitions,Procedures,Principles75

5．2 Examples of the Relation between the Composition of Electrodeposited Alloys and the Metal Ratio of the Bath80

5．3 Examples of the Relation between the Composition of Electrodeposited Alloys and the Total Metal Content of the Bath87

5．4 Relation between Composition of Electrodeposited Alloys and the Concentration of Complexing Agent in the Bath90

5．5 Effect of pH of the Plating Bath on the Composition of the Deposit96

5．6 Effect of Addition Agents on Composition of Electrodeposited Alloys103

5．7 Effect of Indifferent Salts on the Composition of the Electrodeposited Alloy105

5．8 Appendix:Special Topics Dealing with the Relation between the Metal Content of the Bath and the Composition of the Electrodeposited Alloy105

References119

6．Effect of Operating Variables on the Composition of Electrodeposited Alloys122

6．1Introduction122

6．2 Relation between Current Density and Composition of Electrodeposited Alloys122

6．3 Effect of Temperature on Composition of Electrodeposited Alloys139

6．4 Effect of Agitation of Bath or Rotation of Cathode on the Composition of Electrodeposited Alloys146

6．5 Relation between Alloy Composition and Some Miscellaneous or Composite Factors Involved in Plating149

6．6 Appendix:Experimental Arrangements for Studying Alloy Plating162

References172

7．Structure of Electrodeposited Alloys175

7．1Phase Diagrams of Alloys175

7．2 Microstructure of Electrodeposited Alloys175

7．3 Structure of Electrodeposited Alloys as Revealed bv X-Ray183

7．4 Effect of Plating Conditions on Structure of Electrodeposited Alloys198

7．5 Mechanism of Deposition on a Metallic Lattice201

7．6 Relation between Crystal Structure of Metals and Their Ease of Codeposition202

7．7 Effect of Heat Treatment on Phase Structure of Electrodeposited Alloys204

References205

8．Properties of Electrodeposited Alloys208

8．1Introduction208

8．2 Hardness209

8．3 Mechanical Properties:Tensile Strength,Ductility,and Young＇s Modulus218

8．4 Stress219

8．5 Density220

8．6 Electrical and Magnetic Properties222

8．7 Surface Appearance of Electrodeposited Alloys236

8．8 Heat Treatment of Alloys and Thermal Properties239

8．9 Chemical Reactivity of Electrodeposited Alloys243

8．10 Protective Value of Alloy Coatings245

8．11 Solderability of Electrodeposited Alloys247

8．12 Properties of Electrodeposited Alloys as Bearing Metals249

8．13 Inclusion Codeposits254

8．14 Cause of the Difference in the Properties of Electrodeposited and Metallurgical Alloys259

References260

Part ⅡTHEORY265

9．Theory of Electrodeposition of Alloys．General Considerations and Literature267

9．1Present Status267

9．2 What Should a Theory of Alloy Deposition Cover?267

9．3 Literature Survey of Theory of Alloy Deposition268

9．4 Outline of Theoretical Treatment of Alloy Deposition273

References274

10．The Cathode Diffusion Layer and Its Role in the Electrodeposition of a Single Metal276

10．1Introduction276

10．2 Diffusion Layer at Plane,Vertical Cathodes277

10．3 Experimental Methods of Studying the Diffusion Layer288

10．4 Equation for Material Balance at the Cathode in the Steady State297

References305

11．The Role of the Cathode Diffusion Layer in the Electrodeposition of Alloys307

11．1Introduction307

11．2 Equations of Material Balance and the Composition of Alloys307

11．3 Experimental Verification of Equations of Material Balance in Alloy Deposition311

11．4 Codeposition at the Limiting Current Density314

11．5 Codeposition When Transference Is the Controlling Factor325

11．6 Application of Diffusion Theory to Explain the Effects of Plating Variables on the Composition of Electrodeposited Alloys326

References329

12．Role of Cathode Potentials in the Electrodeposition of Alloys331

12．1Comparison of the Roles of Diffusion and of Cathode Potential．Mechanism of the Preferential Deposition of the More Noble Metal331

12．2 Relative Metal Ion Concentrations at the Cathode-Solution Interface333

12．3 Cathode Potentials and Abnormal Alloy Deposition337

12．4 Role of the Curves of Current Density vs．Cathode Potential in the Theory of Alloy Deposition339

12．5 Overvoltage of Alloy Deposition356

12．6 The Most NoblePotential at Which Codeposition Can Occur361

12．7 Shift of Potential in the Codeposition of Metals That Form Solid Solutions or Compounds362

12．8 Relation of the Composition of an Electrodeposited Alloy to the Deposition Potentials of the Alloy and of the Parent Metals367

12．9 Composition of Alloys Deposited at Constant Cathode Potential375

12．10 Relation Between Current Density-Potential Curves of Alloy Deposition and Phase Changes in the Deposit382

References385

13．Some Theoretical Aspects of Complexing Agents and Addition Agents in Alloy Plating388

13．1Scope of Discussion388

13．2 Discharge of Complex Metal Ions388

13．3 Static Electrode Potentials of Metals in Cyanide Solutions391

13．4 Relation between Diffusion Phenomena and the Effects of Complexing Agents398

13．5 Mechanism of the Effect of Addition Agents on the Composition of Electrodeposited Alloys402

References407

Part ⅢPRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND SPECIFIC INFORMATION ON THE ELECTRODEPOSITION OF ALLOYS409

ALLOY GROUP A．SOME IMPORTANT ALLOYS OF COPPER AND SILVER411

14．Electrodeposition of Brass411

14．1Introduction411

14．2 Literature412

14．3 Electrodeposition of Brass from Cyanide Baths414

14．4 Electrodeposition of Brass from Noncyanide Plating Baths457

14．5 Deposition of Brass Coatings without an External Source of Current470

14．6 Structure of Electrodeposited Brass472

14．7 Properties475

14．8 Uses of Brass Plating476

14．9 Analysis of Brass Deposits and Brass Plating Solutions478

References486

15．Electrodeposition of Copper-Tin Alloys497

15．1General Survey497

15．2 Literature498

15．3 Electrodeposition of Copper-Tin Alloys from the Cyanide-Stannate Bath500

15．4 Other Cyanide-Containing Baths for Depositing Copper-Tin Alloys519

15．5 Noncyanide Baths for Depositing Copper-Tin Alloys522

15．6 Structure of Electrodeposited Copper-Tin Alloys528

15．7 Properties of Electrodeposited Copper-Tin Alloys532

15．8 Protective Value of Copper-Tin Coatings535

15．9 Uses of Electrodeposited Copper-Tin Alloys539

References540

16．Electrodeposition of Cadmium-Copper Alloys544

16．1Introduction544

16．2 Electrodeposition of the Alloys from Cyanide Baths544

16．3 Deposition of Cadmium-Copper Alloys from Noncyanide Baths553

16．4 Properties and Uses556

References557

17．Electrodeposition of Alloys Containing Copper and the Metals of the Iron Group558

17．1Introduction558

17．2 General Considerations concerning the Baths559

17．3 Electrodeposition of Copper-Nickel Alloys562

17．4 Electrodeposition of Copper-Iron Alloys574

17．5 Electrodeposition of Copper-Cobalt Alloys576

17．6 Electrodeposition of Copper-Iron-Nickel Alloys576

References583

18．Electrodeposition of Brass-or Bronzelike Ternary Alloys585

18．1Introduction585

18．2 Electrodeposition of Copper-Tin-Zinc Alloys585

18．3 Electrodeposition of Copper-Cadmium-Zinc Alloys590

18．4 Electrodeposition of Copper-Cadmium-Tin Alloys597

18．5 Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloys597

18．6 Electrodeposition of Copper-Nickel-Tin Alloy606

18．7 Electrodeposition of Copper-Cobalt-Tin Alloy606

18．8 Electrodeposition of Copper-Antimony-Zinc Alloys606

References607

19．Electrodeposition of Copper-Silver Alloys and Some Miscellaneous Alloys of Silver609

19．1Introduction609

19．2 Electrodeposition of Copper-Silver Alloys609

19．3 Electrodeposition of Silver-Tin Alloys615

19．4 Electrodeposition of Silver Alloys of the Iron-Group Metals615

19．5 Codeposition of Silver with the Platinum Metals619

References625

20．Electrodeposition of Copper-Lead and Silver-Lead Alloys627

20．1Introduction627

20．2 Electrodeposition of Copper-Lead and Silver-Lead Alloys from Alkaline Baths628

20．3 Electrodeposition of Copper-and Silver-Lead Alloys from Acid or Neutral Solutions644

20．4 Structure and Properties of Electrodeposited Copper-and Silver-Lead Alloys649

References656

21．Electrodeposition of Silver-Cadmium and Silver-Zinc Alloys658

21．1Introduction and Literature Survey658

21．2 Electrodeposition of Silver-Cadmium Alloys659

21．3 Electrodeposition of Silver-Zinc Alloys668

21．4 Structure of Electrodeposited Silver-Cadmium and Silver-Zinc Alloys671

21．5 Properties of Electrodeposited Silver-Cadmium Alloys674

21．6 Uses of Electrodeposited Silver-Cadmium and Silver-Zinc Alloys676

21．7 Electrodeposition of Silver-Zinc-Gold and Silver-Zinc-Palladium Alloys677

References677

AUTHOR INDEX679

SUBJECT INDEX691