《IMPERFECTIONS IN CRYSTALS SECOND EDITION》求取 ⇩

INTRODUCTION1

PART ⅠGENERAL PROPERTIES OF LATTICE IMPERFECTIONS5

CHAPTER ⅠTHE PERFECT CRYSTAL7

1．The crystallographic lattice7

2．Physical properties9

3．The vibrating lattice16

4．Electronic structure of crystals20

CHAPTER ⅡPOINT DEFECTS IN CRYSTALS28

1．Geometrical considerations28

2．Energy of formation of point defects in crystals31

2．1．Simple defects31

2．2．Association of point defects;crowdions and interstitialcies33

3．Point defects in thermal equilibrium36

4．Formation of vacancies and interstitials in non-equilibrium concentra-tions40

4．1．Effects of impurities40

4．2．Effects of physical treatment41

CHAPTER ⅢGEOMETRICAL DESCRIPTION OF DISLOCATIONS45

1．Structure of dislocations45

2．Displacements and stresses around dislocations52

3．Interaction between dislocations57

4．Interaction between dislocations and point defects59

5．Motion of dislocations62

5．1．Glide motion62

5．2．Climb motion67

5．3．Motion of jogged dislocations69

5．4．High-speed motion70

6．Formation of dislocations71

7．Types of dislocations occurring in various crystal structures76

CHAPTER ⅣMATHEMATICAL THEORY OF LATTICE IMPERFECTIONS80

1．Introduction80

2．Classical theory of elasticity81

2．1．Stress,strain and their equations81

2．2．Differential equations for stresses and strains86

2．3．Two-dimensional problems88

3．Singularities in three-dimensional strain90

4．Singularities in two-dimensional strain95

4．1．Plane strain95

4．2．Anti-plane strain102

5．Continuum theory of dislocations104

5．1．Dislocations as sources of internal stress104

5．2．Description of imperfections106

6．Classification of dislocations in elastic continua110

6．1．Somigliana and Volterra dislocations110

7．Force on a dislocation112

8．Defects in crystalline solids113

8．1．Point defects113

8．2．Dislocations116

PART ⅡIMPERFECTIONS IN METALS121

CHAPTER ⅤSPECIAL PROPERTIES OF LATTICE IMPERFECTIONS IN METALLIC CRYSTALS123

1．Electrical resistance of lattice imperfections in metals123

1．1．Vacancies and interstitials123

1．2．Dislocations124

1．3．Magnetoresistivity of dislocations125

2．Thermal conductivity and lattice imperfections126

3．X-ray and electron scattering by dislocations127

4．Rendering lattice imperfections visible128

4．1．Etch pits and dislocations129

4．2．Other methods for detecting individual dislocations132

CHAPTER ⅥPLASTIC DEFORMATION OF METALS CONSIDERED AS MOVEMENT OF DISLOCATIONS135

1．Visual characteristics of plastic deformation135

2．Critical shear stress for slip in metals and stress-strain relation141

3．Dislocation theory of glide144

4．Work-hardening148

CHAPTER ⅦPRODUCTION OF IMPERFECTIONS DURING PLASTIC DEFORMATION152

1．Sources under stress in single crystals153

CHAPTER ⅧWORK-HARDENING OF FACE-CENTRED CUBIC CRYSTALS160

1．Interaction between dislocations160

2．Stress-strain curve of face-centred cubic crystals165

3．Work-hardening in easy glide168

4．Work-hardening in region Ⅱ170

5．Third region of stress-strain curve．Influence of temperature on critical shear stress and flow stress173

6．Deformation at different temperatures:work-softening177

CHAPTER ⅨTHE INTERACTION OF DISLOCATIONS WITH IMPURITIES182

1．Interaction between dislocations and impurity atoms182

1．1．Yielding182

1．2．Elastic interaction184

1．3．Chemical interaction188

1．4．Snoek ordering189

2．Magnitude of interaction energy between dislocations and point defects189

2．1．Elastic interaction189

2．2．Electrical interaction191

3．Locked dislocation under stress;microcreep194

4．Thermal liberation of dislocations;delayed yield198

4．1．Experimental198

4．2．Theory of the release process200

CHAPTER ⅩAGEING AND HARDENING OF ALLOYS208

1．Strain ageing208

2．Precipitation hardening211

3．Solid-solution hardening,effect of order216

CHAPTER ⅪANNEALING,POLYGONIZATION AND RECOVERY220

1．Effects of annealing220

2．Polygonization221

3．Recovery as a thermally activated process223

4．Grainboundary migration227

CHAPTER ⅫCREEP229

1．Introduction229

2．Transient creep230

3．Steady-state creep233

4．Creep in nearly perfect non-metallic crystals235

5．Grainboundary creep and vacancy creep236

CHAPTER ⅩⅢSPECIAL TOPICS OF THE PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF METALS240

1．Bauschinger effect240

2．Size and surface effects245

3．Plastic deformation of polycrystalline metals246

3．1．Mathematical theory246

3．2．Physical aspects of polycrystallinity249

4．Deformation by mechanical twinning251

5．Deformation by bending and kinking255

CHAPTER ⅩⅣNON-THERMAL GENERATION OF POINT DEFECTS259

1．Generation of defects by plastic flow259

2．Generation of point defects by irradiation260

2．1．Nature of irradiation260

2．2．Displacement theory260

2．2．1．Neutrons261

2．2．2．Protons,deuterons and other charged nucleons263

2．2．3．Electron irradiation268

2．2．4．Irradiation with photons270

2．2．5．Replacement collisions and crowdions271

2．2．6．Thermal and displacement spikes272

2．2．7．Comparison of various irradiation procedures for the pro-duction of radiation damage275

3．Formation of defects during quenching276

CHAPTER ⅩⅤPHYSICAL OBSERVATION OF DEFECTS IN METALS283

1．Electrical resistivity283

1．1．General283

1．2．Resistivity of cold-worked copper and other noble metals284

1．3．Resistivity increase by irradiation287

1．4．Resistivity change due to quenching290

1．5．Change of magnetoresistivity during cold-work292

2．Thermal lattice conductivity293

2．1．Theoretical293

2．2．Experimental296

3．Energy stored during cold work,irradiation and quenching298

4．Changes of volume and lattice parameter299

5．Thermal recovery of influence of lattice imperfections300

5．1．Survey300

5．2．Interpretation of recovery in terms of diffusion processes303

6．Effects of fast-particle bombardment and of quenching on the me-chanical properties of metals308

CHAPTER ⅩⅥINFLUENCE OF LATTICE IMPERFECTIONS ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES316

1．Nuclear spin resonance in imperfect crystals316

2．X-ray diffraction by lattice defects322

2．1．Mosaic structure322

2．2．Studies of line shape and line width325

2．3．Interpretation of X-ray diffraction phenomena in terms of disloca-tions326

2．3．1．Measurable quantities326

2．3．2．Deformed crystals328

2．3．3．Microbeam experiments330

2．3．4．Cells331

2．4．Comparison of X-ray dislocation densities with other determina-tions331

3．Special kinds of X-ray diffraction332

3．1．Small-angle scattering332

3．2．Anomalous transmission335

4．Neutron diffraction by lattice imperfections337

4．1．General337

4．2．Experimental method339

5．Dislocations and magnetic properties343

CHAPTER ⅩⅦINTERNAL FRICTION IN METALS348

1．Mechanisms of internal friction348

1．1．Relaxation and anelasticity348

1．2．Relaxation spectrum354

1．3．Mechanical hysteresis355

1．4．Damped resonance356

1．5．Viscous damping358

2．Observations of internal friction359

2．1．Experimental techniques359

2．2．Dislocation damping361

2．2．1．Dislocation relaxation(low-temperature or Bordoni internal friction)361

2．2．2．High temperature dislocation damping366

2．2．3．Dislocation resonance368

2．2．4．Dislocation hysteresis372

2．2．5．Transient cold-work internal friction376

2．2．6．Deformation hysteresis378

2．3．Internal friction not exclusively associated with dislocation motion381

2．3．1．Visco-elastic after-effect and microcreep382

2．3．2．Temperature-activated hysteresis382

2．3．3．Grain boundary relaxation383

2．3．4．Point defect internal friction385

2．4．Internal friction related to the presence of foreign solute atoms in the metal386

2．4．1．Snoek damping in body-centred cubic metals386

2．4．2．Snoek damping in face-centred cubic metals and alloys388

2．4．3．Stress-induced ordering in substitutional solid solutions389

2．4．4．K？ster damping in interstitial solid solutions390

2．4．5．Internal friction due to phase transformations393

2．5．Thermal,magnetic and electronic damping in metals394

2．5．1．Thermoelastic damping394

2．5．2．Magnetoelastic relaxation and magnetic aftereffect(in ferro-magnetic materials)394

2．5．3．Ferromagnetic(magneto-mechanical)hysteresis395

2．5．4．Electron attenuation of ultrasonic waves and magneto-acoustic resonance395

3．Survey397

CHAPTER ⅩⅧDIFFUSION IN CRYSTALS404

1．General theory of diffusion404

2．Atomic theory of diffusion407

2．1．Vacancy diffusion408

2．2．Interstitial diffusion411

2．3．Interstitialcy diffusion411

2．4．Chemical diffusion,special mechanisms412

3．Influence of pressure and temperature414

4．Kirkendall effect417

5．Diffusion along grain boundaries422

5．1．Grain boundary diffusivity422

5．2．Effect of orientation426

6．Enhanced diffusion along individual dislocations,and owing to point-defects in non-equilibrium429

CHAPTER ⅩⅨGRAIN BOUNDARIES435

1．Geometry of grain boundaries435

2．Energy of a dislocation grain boundary442

3．Motion of dislocation grain boundaries446

4．Large-angle grain boundaries446

5．Interaction between grain boundaries and other lattice imperfections447

5．1．Interaction with impurities and point defects447

5．2．Interaction between dislocations and grain boundaries450

6．Special types of grain boundaries;subboundaries;coherent and semi-coherent boundaries450

CHAPTER ⅩⅩRECRYSTALLIZATION AND GRAIN GROWTH454

1．Phenomenology454

2．Nucleation and growth of grains—formai theory460

3．Recrystallization and recovery463

4．Recrystallization textures465

CHAPTER ⅩⅪPHASE TRANSFORMATION AND PRECIPITATION470

1．Transformation470

2．Formation of annealing twins and martensitic transformations470

3．Diffusion-controlled transformations476

3．1．General476

3．2．Influence of plastic deformation and irradiation on precipitation and phase transformation477

3．3．Guinier-Preston zones,age-hardening479

3．4．Order-disorder transformations481

CHAPTER ⅩⅫFATIGUE AND FRACTURE487

1．Fatigue487

2．Fracture492

3．Intercrystalline cracking498

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅢCRYSTAL GROWTH AND IMPERFECTIONS500

1．Growth of crystals as a dislocation mechanism500

2．Special growth phenomena506

2．1．Polytypism506

2．2．Whisker growth506

PART ⅢIMPERFECTIONS IN NON-METALLIC CRYSTALS509

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅣFUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF IMPERFECTIONS IN POLAR CRYSTALS511

1．General distinctions between imperfections in metals and non-metals511

2．Point defects in polar crystals512

3．Equilibrium of point defects in polar semiconductors515

3．1．Polar semiconductors515

3．2．Equilibrium reactions517

3．3．Computation of concentrations520

3．4．Impure crystals523

4．Diffusion and ionic conductivity525

5．Dislocations in polar crystals528

6．Electronic conduction and colour centres532

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅤLATTICE DEFECTS AND THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC CRYSTALS537

1．Intrinsic ionic conductivity537

2．Dislocations and ionic conductivity539

3．Impurity conduction542

4．Diffusion547

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅥOPTICAL PROPERTIES OF DEFECTS IN IONIC CRYSTALS553

1．Colour centres in the alkali halides553

2．Photoconductivity563

3．Silver halides,photolytic darkening563

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅦPLASTIC DEFORMATION AND IRRADIATION OF IONIC CRYSTALS567

1．General features567

2．Joffé-effect and surface sources570

3．Mutual interaction between dislocations and point defects572

3．1．Colorability by ionizing radiation572

3．2．Internal friction and dielectric loss574

3．3．Mechanical properties of irradiated and quenched crystals576

4．Optical absorption and plastic deformation(not colour centres)577

4．1．Fundamental absorption577

4．2．Microscopic evidence for dislocations in polar crystals578

4．3．Microscopic evidence for the generation and motion of dislocations579

5．Electron and neutron irradiation effects in polar crystals580

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅧTHE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTAL HOMOPOLAR SEMICONDUCTORS(GERMANIUM AND SILICON)583

1．Electrical conductivity583

2．Effect of dislocations on the electrical properties of germanium and silicon592

3．Point defects597

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅨDISLOCATIONS AND OTHER IMPERFECTIONS IN HOMOPOLAR CRYSTALS WITH THE DIAMOND STRUCTURE599

1．Dislocations in the diamond structure599

1．1．General599

1．2．Simple dislocations600

1．3．Composite dislocations604

1．4．Partial dislocations and stacking faults607

2．Point defects in the diamond structure610

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩPLASTIC DEFORMATION AND IRRADIATION OF MATERIALS WITH THE DIAMOND STRUCTURE,ESPECIALLY OF GERMANIUM612

1．General description of plastic properties of homopolar substances612

2．Low and medium-temperature deformation of germanium614

2．1．Creep under constant stress614

2．2．Deformation at a prescribed strainrate617

3．Dislocations,sliplines and etchpits619

4．Deformation at very high temperature．Thermal stresses620

5．Dislocation theory of plastic creep of nearly perfect crystals622

5．1．Theory of creep622

5．2．Generation and motion of dislocations in the diamond lattice625

5．3．Work-hardening in germanium and silicon629

6．Mechanical twinning in the diamond lattice630

7．Plastic deformation and the electrical properties of germanium and silicon633

7．1．Conduction of electricity633

7．2．Formation of acceptors by deformation and quenching636

7．3．Scattering by lattice imperfections640

7．4．Dislocations and lifetime641

8．Irradiation and quenching of diamond structure materials642

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅪDEFECT DIFFUSION AND INTERNAL FRICTION IN GERMANIUM AND SILICON646

1．Diffusion in germanium and silicon646

2．Precipitation of copper and nickel in germanium647

3．Diffusion and dislocations654

4．Internal friction in germanium and silicon656

NAME INDEX661

SUBJECT INDEX669