《State Responsibility for International Terrorism》

1. Introduction1

1.1 The framework of state responsibility3

1.2 The international legal regimes applicable to terrorism8

1.2.1 Regimes of accountability applicable to international terrorism8

1.2.2 Regimes of substantive law applicable to international terrorism14

1.3 Defining international terrorism14

1.3.1 The self-determination debate as a question of regime interaction 15

1.3.2 An emerging definition of 'international terrorism'?18

2. The prohibition of state terrorism and questions of attribution24

2.1 The prohibition of state terrorism25

2.1.1 The prohibition of aggression25

2.1.2 The prohibition of the use of force28

2.1.3 Non-intervention in the domestic affairs of another state30

2.1.4 Conclusion33

2.2 Attribution34

2.2.1 Organs of the state34

2.2.2 Instructions, direction or control37

2.2.3 Complicity revisited45

2.3 Conclusion61

3. Obligations to prevent and punish acts of international terrorism63

3.1 The obligation to prevent acts of international terrorism64

3.1.1 Knowledge66

3.1.2 Capacity70

3.1.3 Effect of 9/11 on due diligence obligations as they relate to terrorism75

3.2 The obligation to extradite or submit for prosecution82

3.2.1 The substance of the aut dedere aut judicare obligation84

3.2.2 Immunity of state officials from foreign criminal proceedings91

3.3 The self-determination debate and the scope of the TSCs104

3.3.1 Exclusion of acts committed in furtherance of a people's right of self-determination from the scope of the TSCs105

3.3.2 Reservations to the TSCs121

3.4 Conclusion127

4. The ICJ's jurisdiction over disputes relating to state responsibility for international terrorism131

4.1 Optional clause declarations133

4.2 The Terrorism Suppression Conventions136

4.2.1 Application of the Bosnia Genocide Case analysis to the TSCs144

4.2.2 Exclusion from the scope of the TSCs147

4.3 The existence of a dispute as to the interpretation or application of a TSC173

4.4 TSC compromissory clauses: conditions of seisin and reservations176

4.5 Security Council enforcement of ICJ decisions178

4.6 Conclusion180

5. Measures adopted in response to international terrorism182

5.1 The adoption of measures in response to international terrorism under general international law183

5.1.1 Acts of retorsion184

5.1.2 Countermeasures185

5.1.3 Necessity as a circumstance precluding wrongfulness192

5.1.4 State practice193

5.2 The adoption of measures in response to international terrorism under sub-systems of international law203

5.2.1 Diplomatic law203

5.2.2 World Trade Organization206

5.2.3 International Civil Aviation Organization218

5.3 Conclusion227

6. The relationship between individual criminal responsibility and state responsibility in the terrorism context230

6.1 Determinations of individual criminal responsibility as a catalyst232

6.2 Determinations of individual criminal responsibility as pressure233

6.2.1 Lockerbie bombing235

6.2.2 'La Belle' disco bombing236

6.2.3 UTA 722238

6.2.4 Rainbow Warrior239

6.2.5 Ongoing criminal law enforcement processes239

6.3 Determinations of individual criminal responsibility as satisfaction245

6.3.1 The state must be responsible for an internationally wrongful act246

6.3.2 The wrongdoing state must be the prosecuting state247

6.3.3 No independent obligation to punish248

6.4 An international criminal jurisdiction for terrorist offences251

6.4.1 The League of Nations Terrorism Convention252

6.4.2 Draft Code of Offences against the Peace and Security of Mankind254

6.4.3 International Criminal Court256

6.5 Conclusion263

7. Conclusions264

Bibliography269

Index291