《INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE INDEPENDENT STATE》

PART ONEINTRODUCTION3

1Sovereignty and Self-determination3

1:1 Sovereignty and its aspects3

1:2 Territorial independence and self-determination4

2Sovereignty and its Limitations21

2:1 Types of restrictions of territorial sovereignty21

2:2 Presumption in favour of the competence of the territorial state23

PART TWORESTRICTIONS OF SOVEREIGNTY OVER TERRITORY29

3Passage Through Water29

3:1 Territorial waters and adjacent zones29

3:2 Passage through straits and artificial canals41

3:3 Rights of navigation on international rivers44

3:4 Internal waters45

4Passage Over Land59

4:1 Requirement of treaty regulation or consent in casu for fixed installations60

4:2 Transit by road65

5Passage Through Air79

5:1 Historical background79

5:2 ICAO regulations80

5:3 Limits of the airspace82

5:4 A general right of transit?84

6Other Restrictions of Sovereignty Relating to Territory91

6:1 Questions of pollution91

6:2 Equitable use of water95

PART THREERESTRICTIONS OF SOVEREIGNTY OVER INDIVIDUALS AND PROPERTY101

7General Rules on Immunity for State Activities101

7:1 State agency trading and private acts of heads of state102

7:2 Jurisdiction over foreign ships103

7:3 Jurisdiction over visiting forces and foreign military bases105

7:4 Immunity of foreign state property?107

8Immunity of Diplomats and Consuls115

8:1 Immunity of diplomats115

8:2 Immunity of consuls119

8:3 Immunity of state delegates and international civil servants121

9Treatment of Individuals125

9:1 Treatment of aliens125

9:2 Treatment of a state's own nationals129

9:3 Derogation from sovereignty by extraterritorial asylum134

PART FOURCOERCION AND CONSENT141

10Coercion of a State to Conclude Treaties141

10:1 Developing countries' need for safeguards141

10:2 Coercion and its historical background143

10:3 Types of illegal force148

11Expression of a State's Consent165

11:1 Force against whom?165

11:2 The requirement of consent and the problem of state succesion173

12The Problem of Unequal Treaties195

12:1 Identification of unequal treaties195

12:2 Agreements restricting territorial sovereignty and the theory of continuous consent197

12:3 Potentially unequal treaties:agreements on military bases200

12:4 'Sovereign' rights over foreign military bases214

12:5 Legal characteristics of military base agreements216

PART FIVECONCLUSIONS227

Conclusions227

Index of Cases233

Index of Treaties237

Index of Subjects243