《International law and the movement of persons between states》求取 ⇩

PART Ⅰ:PRELIMINARY MATTERS3

Ⅰ.INTRODUCTION3

(1) General Principles limiting the Competence of States in Matters of Nationality4

(a) The Imposition of Nationality upon Immigrants or Residents6

(b) 'Denationalization'7

(c) Nationality and Diplomatic Protection8

(2) Nationality and Rights of Entry in Municipal Law11

(a) British Nationality and Citizenship of the United Kingdom and Colonies11

(b) French Nationality14

(c) Nationality of the Federal Republic of Germany16

(d) Conclusions20

(3) State Powers in Relation to the Entry and Expulsion of Foreign Nationals21

(a) Bilateral Obligations21

(b) Obligations having a Regional or Multilateral Basis22

(c) Universal Obligations,or Obligations owed erga omnes22

Ⅱ.INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE PASSPORT REGIME24

(1) Possession of a Passport as a Condition of Admission25

(2) Passports and the 'Right to Travel'29

(3) Liberalization of inter-State Travel:Alternative Travel Documents39

(a) Travel and Identity Documents for Refugees and Stateless Persons42

(4) The International Law of Passports44

(a) Passports and 'Returnability'44

(b) The Passport as Evidence of Nationality46

(c) Conclusions49

Ⅲ.THE RELATION OF MATTERS OF IMMIGRATION TO THE RESERVED DOMAIN OF DOMESTIC JURISDICTION51

Ⅳ.THE IMPRESSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS ON THE TREATMENT OF FOREIGN NATIONALS58

(1) International Minimum Standard or National Treatment58

(2) Proposals for a 'Standard of Humanity'63

(3) The 1966 Conventions66

(4) Human Rights Standards and General International Law71

Ⅴ.THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-DISCRIMINATION AND ITS APPLICATION TO FOREIGN NATIONALS75

(1) The Meaning of Discrimination75

(a) Non-Discrimination in the Jurisprudence of International Tribunals76

(b) Non-Discrimination as required by the European Convention on Human Rights79

(2) Discrimination on the Basis of Nationality83

PART Ⅱ:THE ENTRY AND EXCLUSION OF FOREIGN NATIONALS91

Introduction91

Ⅵ.ENTRY AND EXCLUSION UNDER THE LAW OF THE UNITED KINGDOM97

(1) History of Control over Aliens and Commonwealth Citizens97

(2) The Immigration Act 1971103

(a) Pre-entry Procedures106

(b) Procedure on Arrival108

(c) General Grounds for Exclusion116

(d) Rights of Appeal118

Ⅶ.ENTRY AND EXCLUSION UNDER THE LAW OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA123

(1) The Immigration and Nationality Act 1952,as amended124

(a) Pre-entry Procedures128

(Ⅰ) Immigrants128

(Ⅱ) Non-immigrants129

(b) Procedure on Arrival130

(c) Rights of Appeal132

(d) Conclusions134

Ⅷ.OBLIGATIONS TO GRANT ADMISSION IMPOSED BY GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW136

(1) Nationals136

(2) Refugees and Asylum137

(a) 'Asylum' and 'political offence'142

Ⅸ.OBLIGATIONS TO GRANT ADMISSION TO CERTAIN OTHER EXCEPTIONAL CATEGORIES147

(1) Diplomats and Consuls147

(2) Special Missions151

(3) International Officials152

(4) Crewmembers156

Ⅹ.OBLIGATIONS TO GRANT ADMISSION ARISING FROM TREATY160

(1) The European Convention on Human Rights161

(2) The European Convention on Establishment 1955 and the Treaty of Rome 1957168

(a) 'Nationals' of Member States173

(b) Rights incidental to free movement176

(c) Freedom of Establishment179

(d) Secondary Community Legislation181

(3) Bilateral Treaties of Establishment186

(4) Conclusions195

PART Ⅲ:EXPULSION201

Introduction201

The Traditional View of the Power of Expulsion203

Ⅺ.THE FUNCTION OF EXPULSION IN GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW206

(1) Introduction206

(a) First examples206

(b) First propositions208

(2) Expulsion and the Doctrine of Abuse of Rights209

(a) The Doctrine before International Tribunals210

(b) The Uganda Expulsions 1972212

(c) 'Confiscatory expulsion'216

(d) Expulsion for other ulterior motives217

(3) Expulsion to a Particular State as the Breach of an International Obligation218

(a) 'Locus standi' under the European Convention on Human Rights221

(b) The Practice of 'Disguised Extradition'223

(c) Municipal Law Controls224

(d) The Soblen Case226

(4) Conclusions Relating to the Function of Expulsion228

Ⅻ.THE JUSTIFICATION FOR EXPULSION229

(1) The Concept of 'ordre public'229

(a) The Requirement of 'reasonable cause'231

(b) The South African Expulsions 1900233

(2) Grounds for Expulsion in Municipal Law236

(a) United States Practice237

(b) United Kingdom Practice243

(c) Other Regimes251

(d) Grounds for Expulsion summarized255

(3) Expulsion and Respect for 'Acquired Rights'255

(a) The Meaning of 'Acquired Rights'256

(b) A Vested Right of Residence?259

(4) Conclusions Relating to the Justification for Expulsion262

ⅩⅢ.THE MANNER AND FORM OF EXPULSION263

(1) The Right to a Hearing263

(a) Judicial Review265

(2) Rights of Appeal in Municipal Law266

(a) United States Practice266

(b) United Kingdom Practice269

(c) A Hearing as an International Obligation274

(3) Personal Treatment of the Alien:Decisions of Tribunals275

(4) Compensation for Expulsion278

(5) Conclusions Relating to the Manner and Form of Expulsion280

ⅩⅣ.THE IMPRESSION OF TREATY OBLIGATIONS UPON THE GENERAL POWER OF EXPULSION282

(1) Introduction282

(2) Expulsion and the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms284

(a) The Fourth Protocol286

(b) The Example of Emergency Measures taken under Article 15290

(c) Procedural Guarantees for Aliens291

(d) Conclusions regarding the European Convention291

(3) Expulsion and Treaties of Establishment292

(a) Reserved Powers in Treaties of Establishment293

(b) 'Ordre public' reconsidered295

(c) 'Ordre public' and the Guardianship of Infants Case295

(d) 'Ordre public' in the Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany298

(4) Expulsion and the European Economic Community299

(a) The Scope of Reserved Powers under the Treaty of Rome300

(b) The Decision in Reyners v.Belgian State302

(c) The Decision in Van Duyn v.Home Office302

(d) Conclusions regarding the E.E.C.regime304

ⅩⅤ.A SUMMARY OF THE LIMITS ON THE POWER OF EXPULSION IN GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW307

Select Bibliography311

Index319