《INTERNZTIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN A NUTSHELL》

CHAPTER 1. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW1

Ⅰ. Introduction?1

Ⅱ. Pre-World War II Law1

1-1. Introduction1

1-2. Human Rights and Traditional International Law2

1-3. Humanitarian Intervention3

1-4. Early Human Rights Treaties6

1-5. The League of Nations7

1. The Mandates System8

2. International Labor Standards9

3. The Minorities System10

1-6. State Responsibility for Injury to Aliens14

1-7. Responsibility of Individuals and Other Private Entities18

Ⅱ. Pre-World War II Law-Continued20

1-8. Humanitarian Law20

1-9. The Past and Modern International Human Rights Law22

CHAPTER 2. THE UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM27

Ⅰ. Introduction27

Ⅱ. The UN Charter27

2-1. Introduction?27

2-2. The San Francisco Conference and Human Rights28

2-3. Human Rights in the UN Charter29

Ⅲ. The International Bill of Human Rights34

2-4. Introduction34

2-5. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights35

1. The Rights and Freedoms36

2. Legal Effect and Political Importance39

2-6. The International Covenants on Human Rights: Introduction?43

2-7. The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights45

2-8. The Human Rights Committee9

1. The Reporting Procedure52

2. General Comments55

3. Inter-State Communications56

2-9. The First Optional Protocol to the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights59

2-10. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights63

2-11. The Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights64

1. Nature of the Obligations65

2. Overseeing Implementation69

Ⅳ. Other Major UN Human Rights Treaties71

2-12. Introduction71

2-13. The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide71

2-14. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination74

2-15. International Convention on the Suppression and the Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid80

2-16. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women82

2-17. Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment88

2-18. Convention on the Rights of the Child92

Ⅴ. UN Charter-Based Institutions96

2-19. Introduction96

2-20. Commission on Human Rights96

2-21. Sub-Commission on Promotion and Protection of Human Rights101

2-22. Commission on the Status of Women105

2-23. Other UN Bodies Concerned with Human Rights106

2-24. Procedures for Dealing With Gross Violations of Human Rights110

1. Resolution 1235112

2. Resolution 1503113

3. Admissibility116

2-25. High Commissioner for Human Rights119

2-26. Field Offices122

2-27. Gross Violations of Human Rights and the UN Charter123

2-28. UN Human Rights Conferences125

Ⅵ. Specialized Agencies126

2-29. Introduction126

2-30. The International Labor Organization127

2-31. UNESCO and Other Specialized Agencies130

CHAPTER 3. THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS133

Ⅰ. Introduction133

Ⅱ. The European Convention on Human Rights: An Overview136

3-1. Introduction136

3-2. Rights Guaranteed137

3-3. The Universal Declaration and the Convention139

3-4. Convention Institutions140

Ⅲ. The Enforcement Mechanism of the Convention144

3-5. Introduction144

3-6. Jurisdiction of the European Court146

3-7. Inter-State Complaints147

3-8. Private Petitions149

3-9. Admissibility: Incompatible,Ill-Founded, or Abuse of the Right of Petition154

3-10. Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies and the Six-Months Rule156

3-11. The Individual's Participation in the Proceedings163

3-12. Judgments of the Court166

3-13. Enforcement of Judgments by the Committee of Ministers168

3-14. Interpretation of the Rights Guaranteed172

Ⅳ. The European Social Charter181

3-15. Introduction181

3-16. The Catalog of Rights182

3-17. Legal Obligations Assumed by the Contracting Parties185

3-18. International Measures for Enforcement of Charter Rights186

Ⅴ. Other Council of Europe Human Rights Treaties191

3-19. The European Convention against Torture191

3-20. Protection of National Minorities194

3-21. Human Rights and Biomedicine197

Ⅵ. The European Union199

3-22. Absorbing the European Convention on Human Rights199

3-23. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union202

Ⅶ. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)205

3-24. Introduction.205

3-25. The Helsinki Final Act206

3-26. The OSCE Process209

3-27. The Non-binding Character of OSCE Commitments211

3-28. The OSCE Catalog of Rights212

3-29. The Human Dimension Mechanism214

3-30. The High Commissioner on National Minorities216

3-31. Representative on Freedom of the Media219

CHAPTER 4. THE INTER-AMERICAN HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM221

Ⅰ. Introduction221

Ⅱ. The OAS Charter-Based System223

4-1. Introduction223

4-2. The OAS Charter224

4-3. The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man226

4-4. The Commission as Charter Organ: Its Institutional Evolution228

4-5. The Commission as Charter Organ: Its Practice233

1. Country Studies and On-Site Investigations234

2. Individual Petitions239

Ⅲ. The Convention-Based System241

4-6. Introduction241

4-7. The Convention and its Guarantees243

4-8. The Convention Organs246

A. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights247

4-9. The Commission as Convention Organ247

1. Examination of Petitions248

2. Role Before the Court254

B. the Inter-American Court of Human Rights256

4-10. Jurisdictions of the Court256

4-11. Contentious Jurisdiction256

4-12. The Court's Powers in Contentious Cases260

4-13. Provisional Measures265

4-14. Advisory Jurisdiction267

4-15. Legal Effect of Advisory Opinions270

4-16. Emerging Case law272

CHAPTER 5. THE AFRICAN SYSTEM OF HUMAN AND PEOPLES' RIGHTS282

Ⅰ. Introduction282

Ⅱ. The Rights and Dutie283

5-1. Introduction283

5-2. Individual Rights285

5-3. Peoples' Rights289

5-4. Duties290

Ⅲ. State Obligations and Measures of Implementation292

5-5. Introduction292

5-6. State Obligations293

5-7. The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights295

5-8. Interstate Complaints299

5-9. Individual Complaints300

5-10. An African Court on Human Rights309

CHAPTER 6. HUMANITARIAN LAW314

Ⅰ. Introduction314

Ⅱ. The Geneva Conventions and Protocols315

6-1. Introduction315

6-2. The Geneva Conventions and International Armed Conflicts317

6-3. The Geneva Conventions and Internal Armed Conflicts: Common Article 3321

6-4. Protocol I324

6-5. Protocol II328

6-6. Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Treaties: Their Interaction331

6-7. The International Committee of the Red Cross334

6-8. The Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda337

6-9. The International Criminal Court344

CHAPTER 7. THE U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS347

Ⅰ. Introduction347

Ⅱ. The U.S. and Human Rights Treaties350

7-1. Introduction350

7-2. Treaties and the U.S. Constitution352

7-3. The U.S. Senate and Human Rights Treaties353

7-4. Legal and Policy Considerations Affecting Ratification359

7-5. The New Policy: Ratification with Reservations, Understandings and Declarations365

Ⅲ. Human Rights Legislation377

7-6. Introduction377

7-7. Military and Economic Aid CutOff: Laws of General Applicability378

7-8. Country-Specific Legislation385

7-9. International Financial Institutions386

7-10. The Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor387

Ⅳ. International Human Rights Law in U.S. Courts390

7-11. Introduction390

7-12. Human Rights Treaties391

7-13. Customary International Law394

CHAPTER 8. NONGOVERNMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS402

Ⅰ. Introduction402

Ⅱ. International Activities405

8-1. Introduction405

8-2. The NGOs as International Actors407

8-3. The NGOs and International Judicial and Quasi-judicial Proceedings410

Ⅲ. National Activities413

8-4. National Legislation413

8-5. Influencing Human Rights Foreign Policy415

AUTHOR INDEX419

SUBJECT INDEX429