《Physiology of The Eye Clinical Application》

CHAPTER ⅠTHE EYELIDS17

Function of the Lids17

The Cilia17

The Eyebrows18

The Palpebral Fissures19

The Normal Lid Movements20

The Lids in Sleep26

The Centers and Pathways for Lid Movements26

Associated Lid Movements27

CHAPTER ⅡTHE LACRIMAL APPARATUS29

The Secretion of the Tears29

The Elimination of the Tears33

The Composition of the Tears35

CHAPTER ⅢTHE CORNEA39

The Anatomy and Physical Properties of the Cornea39

The Chemical Characteristics of the Cornea41

Metabolism of the Cornea43

The Permeability of the Cornea49

Corneal Turgescenee58

Corneal Transparency61

The Corneal Sensibilities63

Healing of Corneal Wounds76

Corneal Vascularization79

CHAPTER ⅣTHE AQUEOUS HUMOR84

The Chemical and Physical Properties of Normal Aqueous Humor84

Plasmoid Aqueous95

Changes in the Composition of Aqueous Humor With Experimental Alterations in the Constitution of the Blood97

The Formation of Aqueous Humor100

The Elimination of Aqueous Humor From the Eye116

CHAPTER ⅤTHE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE120

The Normal Pressure120

Alterations in Intraocular Pressure Caused by Variations in the Fluid Contents of the Eye125

Physiological Principles Underlying Operations for Glaucoma140

Tonometry141

CHAPTER ⅥIRIS AND PUPIL143

The Iris Pigment143

The Iris Muscles144

The Normal Pupil155

Pupillary Reflexes158

The Reactions of the Pupil in Lesions of Various Parts of the Reflex Arc173

Pupillary Phenomena Associated With or Following Third Nerve Paralysis180

The Pharmaco-dynamics of the Sphincter and Dilator Muscles181

CHAPTER ⅦLENS AND VITREOUS196

The Structure of the Lens196

The Chemistry of the Normal Lens198

The Metabolism of the Lens210

The Permeability of the Lens Capsule213

The Pathologic Physiology of the Lens—Cataract214

The Vitreous219

CHAPTER ⅧACCOMMODATION228

The Necessity of Changing the Dioptric Power of the Eye228

The Anatomy of the Parts of the Eye Concerned With Accommodation230

The Innervation of the Ciliary Muscle238

Changes in the Eye During Accommodation241

Theories of the Mechanism of Accommodation244

Presbyopia252

CHAPTER ⅨTHE OCULAR CIRCULATION256

General Characteristics of Ocular Circulation256

The Arterial Pulse258

The Venous Pulse262

The Normal Pressure in the Retinal and Uveal Arteries and Veins263

The Capillary Pressure265

Blood Volume and Circulation Time266

The Control of the Circulation267

Capillary Permeability274

Lymph277

Functions of the Capillary Bed278

Circulation in Localized Regions278

The Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Essential Hypertension and Its Effectiveness on the Ocular Circulation288

CHAPTER ⅩOCULAR MOTILITY297

The Articulation of the Eyeball in the Socket297

The Gross Anatomy and Action of Each of the Ocular Muscles303

The Mechanics of the Movement of Each Eye308

The Muscles Concerned in Monocular Movements315

The Characteristics of the Ocular Muscles320

The Nervous Centers and Pathways for Voluntary Movements351

The Nervous Centers and Pathways for Reflex Activity of the Eye Muscles373

The Nuclei of the Ocular Motor Nerves392

Position of Rest and the Normal Tonus of the Eyes—Orthophoria and Heterophoria398

Binocular Movements406

The Pathologic Physiology of Strabismus414

Physiologic Principles to be Considered in the Choice of Operations for Strabismus426

The Choice of Surgical Procedures in Comitant Convergent Squint426

The Choice of Surgical Procedures in Incomitant Convergent Squint428

Procedures in Paralysis of a Lateral Rectus430

The Choice of Procedures in Paralysis of One or More of the Vertically Acting Muscles432

CHAPTER ⅪLIGHT443

The Nature and Origin of Light443

Physical Measurements of Light448

Lighting Standards450

The Transmission of Light by the Ocular Media451

CHAPTER ⅫMETABOLISM OF THE RETINA454

Anaerobic and Aerobic Glycolysis454

Production of Ammonia455

Acetylcholine and Organic Phosphate455

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration457

CHAPTER ⅩⅢPAGE THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF VISION459

The Absorption of Light459

Visual Purple or Rhodopsin461

Iodopsin475

Other Substances in the Retina477

The Nature of the Photoreceptor Process477

Pathological Conditions in Which the Visual Purple Mechanism is Affected484

Photomechanical Changes in the Retina485

CHAPTER ⅩⅣELECTRICAL PHENOMENA IN THE EYE487

Electrical Phenomena in Nerves487

Action Potentials From the Optic Nerve of Invertebrates494

Action Potentials in Vertebrate Optic Nerves507

The Electroretinogram515

CHAPTER ⅩⅤTHE OPTIC NERVE528

Comparison of Optic Nerve With True Sensory Nerves528

Functions of the Optic Nerve531

Degeneration of Fibers534

The Production of Cupping in the Optic Nerve536

The Production of Choked Disc,or Papilledema536

CHAPTER ⅩⅥVISUAL PATHWAYS538

The Retina540

The Optic Nerve555

The Chiasm556

Optic Tract561

Lateral Geniculate Body562

The Optic Radiation563

The Visual Cortex564

The Conscious Level of Vision574

CHAPTER ⅩⅦADAPTATION581

Temporal Induction581

Spatial Summation601

CHAPTER ⅩⅧSENSORY RESPONSE605

The Sensory Response to a Single Stimulus605

Intermittent Stimuli611

CHAPTER ⅩⅨVISUAL ACUITY624

Clinical Measurements of Visual Acuity624

The Light Sense626

Visibility of a Single Line on a Background628

Visibility of Gratings632

The Discrimination of a Break in a Line636

Factors Influencing Visual Acuity640

CHAPTER ⅩⅩCOLOR VISION665

The Physical Basis of Color665

The Effect of Lowering the Illumination on the Spectral Luminosity Curve．The Purkinje Phenomenon670

Color Mixtures671

Physiological Basis of Color Vision673

Color Blindness680

CHAPTER ⅩⅪENTOPTIC AND ALLIED PHENOMENA682

Opacities in the Ocular Media682

Entoptic Phenomena Connected With the Tear Film and the Cornea684

Entoptic Phenomena Connected With the Lens685

The Retinal Blood Vessels685

The Capillary Circulation686

Choriocapillary Circulation688

The Blue Arcs of the Retina689

Self-Illumination of the Retina—Phosphenes690

Physiological and Pathological Haloes690

CHAPTER ⅩⅫBINOCULAR VISION692

Definition692

The Binocular Field of Vision694

Retinal Correspondence696

Diplopia701

Fusion704

Depth Perception706

The Development of Binocular Vision714

COLOR PLATES112

Fig．25．—Kinsey＇s scheme showing the dynamics of the formation of aqueous humor as found in the anterior chamber112

Fig．45．—Diagrammatic representation of the pupillo-motor pathways174

Fig．305．—The photopic spectrum666