《Introduction To Physiological and Pathological Chemistry Sixth Edition》求取 ⇩
作者 | 编者 |
---|---|
出版 | The C.V.Mosby Company |
参考页数 | 490 ✅ 真实服务 非骗流量 ❤️ |
出版时间 | 1961(求助前请核对) 目录预览 |
ISBN号 | 无 — 违规投诉 / 求助条款 |
PDF编号 | 812589078(学习资料 勿作它用) |
求助格式 | 扫描PDF(若分多册发行,每次仅能受理1册) |
PART ONEINTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL SCIENCE19
CHAPTER 1Introduction(Katharine Densford Dreves,RN,BA,MA,DSc,LLD)21
Reactions of students to the course in chemistry21
Recommended method of study21
Definitions22
Why do we study chemistry?22
Word regarding the author24
CHAPTER 2Metric system26
Centigrade temperature scale26
Units of length26
Units of weight26
Units of volume29
Study questions29
CHAPTER 3Chemical substances30
Physical and chemical changes30
Simple and compound substances31
Elements and compounds31
Factors influencing the activities of substances32
Factors affecting the speed of chemical reactions33
Study questions34
CHAPTER 4Atoms and molecules35
Atomic theory35
Atomic weight35
Atomic numbers35
Molecules36
Molecular weight36
Subatomic particles37
Supposed structure of the atom37
Isotopes40
Van der Waals forces42
Study questions42
CHAPTER 5Chemical shorthand and the concept of valence43
Atomic symbol43
Formula for the compound43
Concept of valence45
Structural formula46
Chemical equation46
Radicals49
Prediction of the products of reaction50
Relationship between valence and atomic structure51
Study questions52
CHAPTER 6Oxygen53
Occurrence53
Discovery of oxygen53
Preparation53
Properties54
Vital importance55
Burning55
Kindling temperature55
Extinguishing fires55
Importance of oxygen gas in everyday life56
Commercial uses of oxygen57
Use of oxygen in therapy57
Problem of the rusting of iron58
Oxides58
Study questions58
CHAPTER 7Energy transformations60
Definition60
Energy conversions60
Measurement of energy60
Chemical energy61
Energy production from foods61
Study questions62
CHAPTER 8Water63
Composition63
Occurrence63
Physical properties of biological importance63
Reaction with metals64
Reaction with oxides65
Hydrates65
Hydrolysis66
Study questions66
CHAPTER 9Solutions68
Meaning of the termsolution68
Solvent and solute68
Solutions with liquid solvents68
Factors influencing solubility68
Types of solution69
Freezing and boiling points of solutions69
Methods of expressing concentration69
Surface tension71
Interfacial tension72
Surface active substances72
Emulsions72
Osmotic pressure74
Colloidal dispersions75
Dialysis76
Colloid osmotic pressure76
Adsorption77
Chromatography78
Study questions78
CHAPTER 10Acids,bases,and salts80
Inorganic and organic compounds80
Definitions80
Indicators80
Acids81
General properties of acids81
Physical properties of acids84
Rules for naming acids84
Bases85
General properties of bases85
Physical properties of baser86
Rule for naming bases86
Salts87
General properties of salts87
Salts responsible for hard water88
Acid salts89
Rules for naming salts89
Study questions91
CHAPTER 11Ionization92
Electrolytes and non-electrolytes92
Strong and weak electrolytes92
Osmotic pressure of electrolytes92
Theory of ionization94
Electrovalence and the nature of ions95
Covalence95
Conduction of an electric current by electrolyte solutions99
Acids and bases in water solution99
Salts in water solution100
Physiological importance of ions101
Equilibrium in electrolyte solutions101
Water as an electrolyte102
pH notation103
Importance of pH control104
Buffers105
Study questions106
CHAPTER 12Oxidation and reduction107
Oxidation-reduction reactions107
Metathetic reactions107
Electron transfers in oxidation-reduction reactions107
Oxidizing and reducing agents108
Importance of oxidation-reduction reactions in medicine109
Study questions111
CHAPTER 13Periodic table and some important elements112
Periodicity of the elements112
Modern periodic table113
Hydrogen113
Alkali metals115
Alkaline-earth metals115
Boron and aluminum116
Silicon,tin,and lead116
Nitrogen,phosphorus,arsenic,antimony,and bismuth118
Sulfur119
Halogens120
Noble gases121
Copper,silver,and gold121
Zinc and mercury122
Iron124
Precious stones124
Study questions124
CHAPTER 14Nuclear chemistry and atomic energy126
Introduction126
Natural radioactivity126
Bombardment with charged particles127
Bombardment with neutrons130
Atomic energy130
Nuclear fusion132
Use of radioactive elements as tracers132
Study questions136
CHAPTER 15Introduction to organic chemistry137
Introduction137
Sources of organic compounds138
Importance of organic substances138
Comparison of organic and inorganic reactions138
Carbon as an element138
Important properties of the carbon atom139
Use of structural formulas in organic chemistry140
Saturated and unsaturated compounds142
Characteristic groups142
Divisions of organic compounds143
Study questions144
CHAPTER 16Aliphatic organic compounds145
Hydrocarbons145
Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons145
Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons149
Reaction of hydrocarbons with oxygen150
Reaction of hydrocarbons with halogens150
Hydrocarbon radicals152
Alcohols152
Definition152
Types of alcohol153
Comparison of alcohols and inorganic hydroxides153
Reactions with oxygen154
Some important alcohols154
Aldehydes and ketones156
Definitions156
Reactions157
Important aldehydes157
Important ketones158
Organic acids and salts158
Definitions and properties158
Typical organic acids159
Esters160
Definition and properties160
Important esters163
Ethers163
Amines164
Study questions166
CHAPTER 17Isomerism of organic compounds168
Introduction168
Chain or nuclear isomerism168
Geometric or cis-trans isomerism168
Tautomerism or dynamic isomerism170
Position isomerism170
Optical isomerism171
Summary175
Study questions175
CHAPTER 18Cyclic organic compounds176
Cycloparaffins or naphthenes176
Aromatic compounds177
Aromatic hydrocarbons177
Benzene177
Structure of benzene177
Properties of benzene181
Other important aromatic hydrocarbons182
Oxygen derivatives of the aromatic hydrocarbons184
Aromatic alcohols184
Benzyl alcohol184
Phenethyl alcohol184
Phenols185
Naphthols188
Alkylated phenols188
Aromatic aldehydes189
Benzaldehyde189
Aromatic ketones190
Benzophenone190
Acetophenone191
Chloracetophenone191
Quinones191
Aromatic acids191
Benzoic acid192
Salicylic acid192
Aromatic amines193
Primary aromatic amines193
Aniline193
Secondary aromatic amines195
Tertiary aromatic amines195
Dyes195
Heterocyclic compounds197
Heterocyclic compounds with five-membered rings198
Furane198
Thiophene198
Thiazole198
Pyrrole198
Imidazole199
Heterocyclic compounds with six-membered rings199
Pyridine199
Heterocyclic compounds with condensed rings200
Indole200
Quinoline201
Other heterocyclic compounds201
Ureides201
Pyrimidines202
Purines203
Alkaloids203
Study questions205
PART TWOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY207
CHAPTER 19Nature of enzymes209
Definitions209
Chemical nature of enzymes209
Speed of enzyme action209
Enzyme specificity210
Proenzymes210
Activators and inhibitors210
Coenzymes211
Types of reaction catalyzed by enzymes211
Autolysis214
Diseases of enzymic defect214
Mechanism of drug action214
Study questions217
CHAPTER 20Chemical nature of lipids218
Definition of lipid218
Types of lipid218
Types of fatty acid219
Soaps220
Chemical nature of fats222
Oils223
Hydrogenation of fats223
Acrolein test223
Rancidity of fats224
Phospholipids224
Glycolipids225
Waxes225
Sterols226
Study questions227
CHAPTER 21Metabolism of lipids228
Definition of metabolism228
Summary of fat digestion228
Anabolic products of fatty adds229
Functions of depot fat229
Catabolism of fatty adds230
Ketone bodies233
Causes of ketosis234
Function of the liver in fatty add catabolism234
Question of conversion of fat to carbohydrate235
Functions of phospholipids235
Sterol metabolism236
Obesity239
Study questions241
CHAPTER 22Chemical nature of carbohydrates243
Definitions243
Types of carbohydrate243
Hexoses243
Fermentation246
Pentoses246
Disaccharides247
Some important polysaccharides248
Glucosides250
Origin of carbohydrates250
Study questions251
CHAPTER 23Metabolism of carbohydrates252
Summary of carbohydrate digestion252
Fate of fructose and galactose252
Glycogen formation253
Glycogenolysis254
Blood sugar level254
Chemical changes in muscle contraction254
Metabolism of nerve tissue258
Conversion of carbohydrate to fat258
Energy of carbohydrate oxidation258
Protein-sparing action of carbohydrate259
Action of epinephrine259
Functions of insulin259
Glucagon262
Study questions264
CHAPTER 24Chemical nature of proteins265
Introduction265
Types of protein265
Isoelectric point266
Amino acids268
Methods of making proteins insoluble272
Protein solvents273
Color reactions of proteins274
Hemoglobin274
Methemoglobin275
Carbon monoxide poisoning275
Nucleoproteins275
Study questions282
CHAPTER 25Metabolism of proteins283
Summary of protein digestion283
Anabolic products of amino acids283
Essential amino acids283
Amino acid catabolism284
Fate of urea284
Formation of ammonium salts by the kidneys284
Ammonium salts in blood285
Energy of protein catabolism285
Purine metabolism285
Pyrimidine metabolism286
Creatine and creatinine287
Anabolism of hemoglobin288
Catabolism of hemoglobin288
Special transformations of certain amino acids in the body291
Glycine291
Cystine291
Tyrosine291
Histidine292
Methionine292
Metabolic interrelationships294
Study questions295
CHAPTER 26Chemistry of the digestive tract297
Introduction297
Teeth297
Saliva300
Gastric juice300
Secretin304
Pancreatic juice305
Bile306
Intestinal juice308
Enterogastrone309
Bacterial action in the intestine309
Feces310
Study questions311
CHAPTER 27Inorganic metabolism313
Water313
Sodium bicarbonate315
Sodium chloride316
Calcium316
Phosphorus318
Potassium318
Iron319
Iodine320
Fluorine320
Stimulating and depressing ions321
Study questions321
CHAPTER 28Blood323
Introduction323
Transport of oxygen to the tissues327
Transport of carbon dioxide to the lungs328
Acid-base balance329
Plasma proteins331
Blood clotting335
Nonprotein nitrogen339
Blood sugar level340
Plasma lipids340
Some important inorganic components341
Study questions342
CHAPTER 29Urine344
Introduction344
Formation of urine344
Collection of urine for analysis345
Volume of urine346
Color of urine347
Specific gravity of urine347
Reaction of urine348
Composition of urine348
Abnormal components of urine348
Urine sediment350
Study questions355
CHAPTER 30Hormones356
Introduction356
Hormones of the ovary356
Hormones of the testis363
Hormone of the thyroid gland365
Hormone of the parathyroid glands369
Hormones of the adrenal glands371
Hormone of the pancreas378
Hormones of the pituitary gland380
Miscellaneous postulated factors384
General adaptation syndrome389
Hormones of the digestive tract391
Antihormones392
Renin mechanism392
Study questions393
CHAPTER 31Vitamins395
Introduction395
Vitamin A396
Provitamins396
Chemical nature of vitamin A396
Vitamin A deficiency396
Storage of vitamin A in the body399
Absorption of vitamin A400
Standardization and requirements of vitamin A400
Sources of vitamin A400
Vitamin B complex401
Thiamin(vitamin B1)401
Chemical nature of thiamin401
Thiamin deficiency402
Thiamin pyrophosphate as a coenzyme405
Absorption and storage of thiamin405
Requirements of thiamin407
Sources of thiamin407
Riboflavin407
Chemical nature of riboflavin407
Relation to the yellow enzyme407
Riboflavin in nutrition407
Suggested requirements of riboflavin408
Nicotinic acid and nicotinic acid amide408
Role in cell oxidations408
Pellagra409
Vitamin B12(cyanocobalamin)411
Folic acid complex412
Pyridoxine414
Pantothenic acid415
Choline416
Biotin417
Inositol418
Ascorbic acid(vitamin C)418
Chemical nature of ascorbic acid418
Deficiency of ascorbic acid419
Ascorbic acid deficiency in animals421
Requirements of ascorbic acid421
Food sources of ascorbic acid422
Citrin(vitamin P)422
Vitamin D423
Chemical nature of vitamin D423
Supposed function of vitamin D424
Deficiency of vitamin D424
Hypervitaminosis D427
Standardization and requirements of vitamin D427
Sources of vitamin D427
Vitamin E427
Chemical nature of vitamin E427
Deficiency in rats428
Deficiency in other animals428
Possible role in human nutrition429
Sources of vitamin E429
Vitamin K429
Chemical nature of vitamin K429
Function of vitamin K430
Use of vitamin K in human pathology430
Sources of vitamin K431
Study questions431
CHAPTER 32Introduction to nutrition433
Introduction433
Basal metabolism434
Energy requirement435
Protein requirement438
Mineral(inorganic) requirement440
Lipid requirement442
Acid and alkaline effects of foods443
Ketogenic and antiketogenic diets443
Residue and water in the diet443
Diet in pregnancy and lactation444
Nutrition in infancy and childhood444
Reducing diets447
Study questions452
Appendix453
International atomic weights453
Antibiotics454
Precious stones456
Some agents used in chemical warfare461
Common organic radicals464
Amino acids commonly found in proteins466
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