《Fractures and Joint Injuries Volume I Fourth Edition》

PART ⅠPRINCIPLES OF FRACTURE TREATMENT1

CHAPTER ⅠREPAIR OF FRACTURES3

Histological features3

Clinical features5

Biochemical features6

Pathological features6

Rate of repair of fractures9

Vascularity and the repair of fractures9

CHAPTER ⅡDELAYED UNION AND NON-UNION13

Differentiation of slow union，delayed union and non-union14

Slow union from poor blood supply16

Slow union from excessive traction19

Delayed union from inadequate immobilisation22

Delayed union from infection32

Non-union from interposition of soft parts37

Established non-union of fractures38

CHAPTER ⅢADHESIONS AND JOINT STIFFNESS39

Causes of adhesions and joint stiffness44

Stiffness of joints and Sudeck＇s acute bone atrophy53

CHAPTER ⅣMYOSITIS OSSIFICANS，TRAUMATIC OSSIFICATION56

Types of pathological ossification56

Traumatic subperiosteal ossification58

CHAPTER ⅤAVASCULAR NECROSIS OF BONE64

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head68

summary73

Fracture of the neck of the femur73

Traumatic dislocation of the hip joint80

Legg-Perthes＇ disease of the hip83

Avascular necrosis of the head of the humerus85

Avascular necrosis of the carpal scaphoid bone86

Avascular necrosis of the lunate bone90

Avascular necrosis of the lateral condyle of the humerus92

Avascular necrosis of the talus92

Avascular necrosis and osteochondritis dissecans96

CHAPTER ⅥVASCULAR INJURIES98

Types of arterial injury98

Results of arterial injury108

Volkmann＇s ischaemic contracture111

Gangrene from fractures116

Gangrene from tourniquets121

Immersion foot，shelter foot，trench foot122

Frost-bite123

Crush syndrome and traumatic oedema124

CHAPTER ⅦNERVE INJURIES126

Types of nerve injury126

Nerve injuries in wounds128

Nerve injuries in closed fractures and dislocations130

Fractures with primary nerve injuries130

Fractures with secondary nerve injuries134

Fractures with delayed nerve injuries135

Median paralysis136

Ulnar paralysis137

Radial paralysis138

Circumflex paralysis140

Sciatic paralysis140

Lateral popliteal paralysis142

CHAPTER ⅧCLINICAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS143

Clinical diagnosis143

Radiographic diagnosis143

Diagnosis of union of a fracture160

The danger of Ⅹ-rays to surgeons163

CHAPTER ⅨMANIPULATIVE REDUCTION OF FRACTURES165

Methods of reduction and immobilisation165

Plaster-of-Paris technique168

Complications of plaster immobilisation175

General complications179

Manipulative reduction and continuous traction182

Mechanical reduction and skeletal transfixion186

CHAPTER ⅩOPERATIVE REDUCTION OF FRACTURES187

Indications for operative reduction188

Aseptic technique191

Methods of internal fixation198

Intramedullary nailing201

CHAPTER ⅪREACTIONS OF BONE TO METAL205

Thermal destruction of bone205

Electrolytic destruction of bone210

Bacteriological destruction of bone214

Physical destruction of bone217

Fallacy of the＂compression factor＂in accelerating the union of fractures223

CHAPTER ⅫSHOCK，STRESS ＆ THE ADAPTATION SYNDROME227

Clinical features of shock227

Biochemical features of shock228

General circulatory changes in shock228

Local circulatory changes in shock229

Nervous and hormonal defences－alarm reaction－adaptation syndrome230

Treatment of shock232

CHAPTER ⅩⅢOPEN FRACTURES AND JOINT WOUNDS237

First-aid treatment237

Treatment of wound shock239

Emergency treatment of the wound239

Excision of the wound243

Excision of bullet wounds247

Excision of wounds of joints249

Excision of head wounds253

Excision of chest wounds253

Chemotherapeutic control of infection253

Unusual infections of wounds258

Gas-gangrene infection258

Tetanus infection260

Infection with actinomyces260

After-treatment of wounds261

Restoration of skin cover by delayed suture or free-skin grafting269

Final control of infection by sequestrectomy273

Replacement of unstable scars by whole-thickness skin grafts277

Late reconstructive surgery－atlas of typical cases280

Amputations for open and infected fractures294

CHAPTER ⅩⅣTRANSPLANTATION OF BONE298

History of bone grafting298

The fate of transplanted bone305

Bone banks306

Technique of cortical bone grafting307

Technique of cancellous bone grafting311

Atlas of un-united fractures treated by grafting314

PART ⅡFATIGUE OR STRESS FRACTURES，BIRTH FRACTURES AND PATHOLOGICAL FRACTURES341

CHAPTER ⅩⅤFATIGUE OR STRESS FRACTURES343

Concealed crack fractures343

March fracture of the metatarsal345

Fatigue fracture of the fibula347

Fatigue fractures of the upper limbs348

Other spontaneous fractures348

CHAPTER ⅩⅥBIRTH FRACTURES351

Fracture shaft of humerus351

Fracture shaft of clavicle352

Fracture shaft of femur352

Depressed fracture of skull354

Epiphyseal displacements355

Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia355

CHAPTER ⅩⅦPATHOLOGICAL FRACTURES361

Development and growth of normal bone361

Developmental disorders of bone causing pathological fracture370

Nutritional and vitamin dificiencies causing pathological fracture383

Hormonal imbalance causing pathological fracture390

Disuse and senile osteoporosis of bone398

Dystrophic cysts and fibrous dysplasias of bone401

Paget＇s disease of bone－osteitis deformans409

Primary and secondary tumours of bone causing pathological fracture414

Diseases of the marrow constituents431

Parasitic disease of bone causing pathological fracture436

Neurotrophic dystrophies of bone causing fracture439