《The Postmortem Examination》

Ⅰ．Historical Introduction3

Ⅱ．General Considerations16

1．Terminology16

2．Permission for Postmortem Examination16

3．The Purpose of the Autopsy18

4．Signs of Death21

5．Postmortem Changes21

Ⅲ．Equipment28

1．The Autopsy Room28

2．Autopsy Instruments35

Ⅳ．Regulations Governing the Postmortem Examination39

1．General Rules39

2．Dress40

3．Care of the Hands41

4．Infections42

5．Technical Rules43

6．Bacteriologic Cultures44

7．The Specific Tasks of the Operator44

Ⅴ．Inspection of the Body48

1．External Examination48

2．Primary Incision50

3．Examination of the Abdominal Cavity54

4．Removal of the Sternum57

5．Examination of the Thoracic Cavity61

Ⅵ．Removal of the Viscera65

1．Removal of the Thoracic Organs65

Heart65

Lungs65

2．Removal of the Throat Organs66

3．Removal of the Contents of the Abdominal Cavity71

Spleen72

Intestines72

Opening the Duodenum in Situ．Bile and Pancreatic Ducts74

Liver，Duodenum，Stomach and Pancreas75

Kidneys and Ureters77

Pelvic Organs78

Male Genitalia79

Abdominal Aorta and Femoral Vessels80

Thoracic Duct81

Inferior Vena Cava81

Diaphragm and Psoas Muscle82

Lymph Nodes82

Ⅶ．The Cranial Vault and the Spinal Cord83

1．Removal of the Calvarium83

2．Removal of the Brain87

3．The Base of the Skull90

Venous Sinuses90

Middle Ears and Mastoid Antra90

Pituitary93

Eyes93

Air Sinuses93

Method of von Hansemann for the Exposure of the Choanae95

4．Removal of the Spinal Cord95

5．Section of the Spinal Cord98

6．Section of the Brain99

External Examination99

Fixation of the Whole Brain100

Section of the Brain after Fixation101

Section of the Fresh Brain(Virchow)103

Ⅷ．Section of the Viscera107

1．Section of the Thoracic Organs107

Thymus107

Heart108

Lungs117

2．Section of the Throat and Posterior Thoracic Organs118

Tongue，Tonsils，Pharynx，Esophagus，Aorta118

Larynx，Thyroid，Parathyroid Glands118

3．Section of the Organs of the Abdominal Cavity119

Spleen119

Pancreas119

Liver120

Gall Bladder121

Adrenal Glands121

Kidneys121

Pelvic Organs123

Male：testes，prostate，seminal vesicles123

Female：vagina，uterus，tubes，ovaries125

Ⅸ．Examination of the Skeleton130

1．Bone Marrow130

2．Removal of Bones of the Lower Extremities130

3．Removal of Bones of the Foot132

4．Examination of Joint Cavities133

5．Vertebral Column133

Ⅹ．Autopsy Technique for Special Cases135

1．Method of Windholz135

2．Method of LeCount(LeTulle)136

3．The Restricted Postmortem Examination138

4．Postmortem Examinations under Unusual Conditions139

5．The Medicolegal Postmortem Examination140

Ⅺ．Special Procedures145

1．Restoration of the Body145

2．The Autopsy Protocol148

3．The Clinical-Pathologic Conference152

4．The Student Autopsy Conference154

Ⅻ．Postmortem Examinations on Infants and Children157

1．External Examination158

2．Primary Incision158

3．Removal of the Thoracic and Throat Organs158

4．Examination of the Abdominal Cavity162

5．Removal of the Spinal Cord165

6．Removal of the Brain of the New Born166

7．Skeleton171

8．Eustachian Tubes and Air Sinuses of the Skull171

Appendix172

A．Tables of Average Weights of Organs172

B．Copy of the Report of the New York Committee on Rules Governing Pathologists and Undertakers177

C．A Protocol by Virchow182