《SOURCEBOOK ON ENVIRONMENTAL LAW SECOND EDITION》

1 SOURCES AND PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW1

INTRODUCTION1

THE SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW2

Environmental law:the international perspective2

The sources of international environmental law3

Environmental law:European Community perspective6

Law making by Community institutions11

The bases of European environmental law18

The EC’s Environmental Action Programmes28

European Convention on Human Rights32

Environmental law:the UK perspective33

The Environment Agency36

PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW45

The relationship between principles45

Sustainable development45

Preventive and precautionary principles49

Polluter pays principle52

The principle of citizen participation and the right to a healthy environment53

The principle of integration54

Integrated pollution control55

On the precautionary principle in UK law55

ENVIRONMENTAL PRINPLES:THE KEY INSTRUMENTS61

Defining the‘environment’and‘pollution of the environment’61

Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment 197261

Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 199268

LIABILITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE76

International liability for environmental damage76

European Community law80

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING87

USEFUL WEBSITES89

2 AIR AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION91

INTRODUCTION91

Structure of the chapter94

AIR AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION:THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT94

Customary international law94

Framework Convention on Climate Change 199295

Kyoto Protocol 199796

Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution 1979（LRTAP）and related protocols130

Monitoring and Evaluation Protocol 1984140

Sulphur Protocols 1985 and 1994140

Nitrogen Oxides Protocol 1988140

Volatile Organic Compounds Protocol 1991141

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1985 and its Montreal Protocol 1987142

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LAW142

Sulphur in air143

Nitrogen dioxide in air144

Lead in air145

Chlorofluorocarbons and other substances which deplete the ozone layer145

Vehicle emissions146

Emissions from industrial plants147

Other air pollution initiatives147

Towards a unified framework for EC air quality law and policy149

Air Quality Framework Directive 96/62149

CAFE150

DOMESTIC LAW171

The common law171

UK legislation and policy on air pollution182

The Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland182

Local air quality management areas （AQMAs）185

Smoke pollution and the Clean Air Act 1993187

Road traffic pollution192

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING199

USEFUL WEB SITES201

3 WATER AND MARINE POLLUTION203

INTRODUCTION203

INTERNATIONAL LAW204

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982204

International legal regime for vessel-source marine oil pollution207

MARPOL Convention 1973 / 78212

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LAW228

EC legislation on water pollution228

Measures controlling the release of substances into water229

Measures protecting designated types of water231

Water Framework Directive 00/60236

DOMESTIC LAW279

Common law279

Water pollution legislation297

Regulation of pollution298

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING339

USEFUL WEBSITES342

4 WASTE343

INTRODUCTION TO THE LAW RELATING TO WASTE343

INTERNATIONAL LAW343

Dumping at sea344

Internationalade in hazardous wastes and substances346

Basel Convention 1989347

Bamako Convenon 1991349

Basel Protocol on Liability and Compensation, 1999350

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LAW380

Waste on land380

Further developments389

DOMESTIC LAW418

The meaning of waste in UK law418

The statutory definition of ‘waste’419

National Waste Strategy428

The objectives for the purposes of the National Waste Strategy430

Waste Strategy 2000431

The key messages of the strategy （Chapter 1）432

Waste management in the UK439

Waste collection and disposal467

Waste recycling plans470

Special waste474

Publicity476

Contaminated land480

The scheme of the provisions481

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING501

USEFUL WEBSITES502

5 INTEGRATED POLLUTION CONTROL503

INTRODUCTION503

IPC IN THE UK503

Environmental Protection Act 1990-Pt 1503

Powers of the enforcement authorities523

Offences526

The Environmental Protection （Prescribed Processes and Substances）Regulations 1991 SI 1991/472527

INTEGRATED POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL （IPPC） IN COMMUNITY LAW535

Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive 96/ 61535

The new UK PPC regime553

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING559

USEFUL WEBSITES559

6 WILDLIFE AND NATURE CONSERVATION561

INTRODUCTION561

INTERNATIONAL LAW562

Stockholm Declaration 1972565

World Charter for Nature 1982565

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species （CITES）1973566

Convention on Biological Diversity 1992583

Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 2000602

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat 1971（Ramsar Convention）623

Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats 1979 （Berne Convention）630

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LAW631

Birds Directive 79/409632

Hunting and killing632

Habitat protection633

Habitats Directive 92/43635

DOMESTIC LAW664

The nature conservancy councils664

Species protection665

Habitat protection666

Sites of special scientific interest （SSSIs）666

National nature serves （NNRs）668

Marine nature serves669

Other habitat designation provisions669

SPAs and SACs in the UK669

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING740

USEFUL WEBSIIES741

7 HUMAN RIGHTS, PARTICIPATION AND ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW743

INTRODUCTION743

INTERNATIONAL LAW744

Customary international law748

Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident 1986749

Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 1989751

Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Trans-boundaContext 1991（Espoo）751

Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters （Aarhus Convention）764

THE RIGHT TO PARTICIPATE IN ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION MAKING IN EC AND UK LAW777

EC - environmental impact assessment777

UK - environmental impact assessment （EIA）794

ACCESS TO ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION IN EC AND UK LAW799

Freedom of Access to Information on the Environment Directive 90/313799

Environmental Information Regulations 1992 SI 1992/3240802

Future developments on access to environmental information803

Eco-labelling825

ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS828

Standing in EC law830

Standing in the UK law837

HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN EUROPEAN AND UK DOMESTIC LAW851

European Union law851

European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms （ECHR）851

The Human Rights Act 1998852

The Convention rights and the environment853

The principal substantive Convention rights affecting the environment857

The principal proces-based Convention rights affecting the environment873

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING878

USEFUL WEBSITES880

Index881