《THE VANISHING AMERICAN WHITE ATTITUDES AND U.S.INDIAN POLICY》

Part I. And Then There Were None: A “Bold, but Wasting Race” of Men1

1. THEIR POWER HAS BEEN BROKEN: THE INDIAN AFTER THE WAR OF 18123

Eighteenth-Century Expectations for the Indian4

The Impact of the War of 18125

A Turning Point in Indian-White Relations7

The Missionary Faith in Indian Capacity9

2. THE ANATOMY OF THE VANISHING AMERICAN12

The Rhetoric of Doom13

Indian Origins and the American Identity16

The Vanishing American as America’s Noble Savage18

The Vanishing American in Literature21

George Catlin and the Theory of Vices and Virtues25

The Law of Civilized Progress29

3. THE PATHOLOGY OF THE VANISHING AMERICAN32

Alcohol and Indian Decline34

Disease and Indian Decline: The Case of the Cherokees36

Warfare and Indian Decline38

Loss of Land and Indian Decline41

Part II. Isolation: Indian Policy Before the Civil War45

4. MAKING GOOD NEIGHBORS: SEGREGATION IN INDIAN POLICY47

The Concept of Indian Country48

Indian Civilization and the Act of 181950

The Factory System53

5. A MAGNANIMOUS ACT OF INTERPOSITION: INDIAN REMOVAL56

The Georgia-Cherokee Controversy57

Andrew Jackson and the Case for Removal60

Converts to Removal: Lewis Cass, James Barbour, Thomas L. McKenney61

The Case Against Removal65

The Removal Act and Indian Policy in the 1830s68

The Vanishing American as Rationale for Removal70

Expansion and the Reservation System71

Race as an American Fact76

Part III. The Non-vanishing American79

6. RED, WIHTE, AND BLACE81

The Theory of Distinct Racial Types82

Frederick Douglass and Henry Highland Garnet on Blacks and Indians86

Racial Stereotypes in the Popular Culture88

White Attitudes Toward Red and Black After the Civil War92

7. CAN HE BE SAVED? ENVIRONMENTALISM AND EVOLUTIONISM95

Environmentalism and the Indian95

Paternalism and the Indian97

Hubert Howe Bancroft on Evolution and the Indian98

Lewis Henry Morgan and Evolutionary Progress102

8. HE CAN BE SAVED: AGRICULTURE AND EDUCATION107

Agriculture, Private Property, and the Indian107

Education and the Carlisle Experiment111

9. THE CONVENIENT EXTINCTION DOCTRINE: A CRUSADE AGAINST THE VANISHING AMERICAN122

The Reformer Critique122

Selden N. Clark and the Statistical Critique124

Garrick Mallery and the Scientific Critique127

Army Support for the Vanishing American130

East Versus West on the Indian Question132

Part IV. Assimilation: Indian Policy Through World War I139

10. IN SEARCH OF THE ONE TRUE ANSWER: INDIAN POLICY AFTER THE CIVIL WAR141

The Doolittle Committee142

President Grant’s Peace Policy144

The Army and the Indian Question146

Reservations and Concentration149

Francis A. Walker and the Case for Concentration151

The Cheyenne and Ponca Removals154

Helen Hunt Jackson and the Reform Appeal156

11. A NEW ORDER OF THINGS: THE GENERAL ALLOTMENT ACT161

An East-West Consensus162

The Evolutionists’ Critique: L. H. Morgan and J. W. Powell164

The Allotment Act171

Reactions to Allotment172

12. A MATTER OF ADMINISTRATION: INDIAN POLICY’S CONFIDENT YEARS177

The Heirship Problem and Leasing178

The Case for Gradualism179

Theodore Roosevelt and the Gradualist Approach182

Francis Leupp, Richard Pratt, and Indian Education185

Accelerating the Allotment Process189

Indian Citizenship192

Part V. And Then There Were None: A Superseded Race197

13. WE HAVE COME TO THE DAY OF AUDIT: THE VANISHING AMERICAN RETURNS199

The 1890s Milieu200

Indians on Exhibition205

Indian Vestiges207

The End of the Trail: Sculptors and the Indian215

14. NOW OR NEVER IS THE TIME: CULTURAL EXTINCTION AND THE CONSERVATIONIST IMPULSE222

Conserving American Nature: Buffalo, Indians, and George Bird Grinnell223

Anthropology’s Ethnographic Reorientation228

Franz Boas and Salvage Ethnography231

James Mooney on Indian Numbers236

15. THERE WILL BE NO “LATER” FOR THE INDIAN: AMALGAMATION AND THE VANISHING RACE243

The End of Indian Territory244

The Case for Indian Amalgamation247

Amalgamation in Context: Segregation, Imperialism, and Immigration Restriction250

Ambivalence About Amalgamation: White Women, Squawmen, Half-breeds257

Indian Progressives263

Part VI. Choice: Indian Policy Through World War II271

16. TO EACH AGE ITS OWN INDIAN: THE 1920S AND THE CHANGING INDIAN273

The Bursum Bill Controversy274

The Conservative-Progressive Clash279

Franz Boas and Cultural Relativism281

The Southwest and the Non-vanishing American284

The Vogue of the Desert289

Lawrence, La Farge, and Collier292

17. TO PLOW UP THE INDIAN SOUL: THE INDIAN REORGANIZATION ACT297

Precursors to the Indian New Deal297

A Climate for Reform: The 1930s304

Restoring the Indian Domain307

Indian Reorganization Act309

Choice and Tribalism317

18. IT IS ONLY WELL BEGUN: THE NEW DEAL LEGACY322

Indian Education323

Religious and Cultural Rights325

Applied Anthropology and Indian Policy327

Indian Law and Land Claims332

Reservation Conservation and Livestock Reduction333

The Terminationist Challenge to Self-Determination336

EPILOGUE: WE LIVE AGAIN345

NOTES355

INDEX409