《UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY CHOICES AND TRADEOFFS》

Section One. The Challenges and the Setting1

1. The Foreign Policy Challenge3

The Objectives of Foreign Policy4

The Instruments of Foreign Policy10

Foreign Policy and the Political System20

The Three Dilemmas of Foreign Policy23

2. The International Environment27

The Second World: The Politics of Hostility28

The First World: Friendship and Its Limits40

The Third World: Politics and Equity45

Section Two. The Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy55

3. Direction and Effects of Public Opinion57

Political Animals and Prehistoric Monsters57

Public Opinion on Foreign Policy Issues61

The Public's Impact on Foreign Policy69

4. The Role of Congress79

Constitutional Provisions80

The Era of Acquiescence82

Congressional Resurgence90

Future Directions98

Appendix: Milestones in Congressional Foreign Policy Activism102

5. The Presidency and the Bureaucracy105

The Chief Executive106

The Major Institutions108

Foreign Policy Making in the Executive Branch121

6. Interest Groups131

How Interest Groups Operate133

Business Groups135

The Farm Lobbies139

Organized Labor140

Ethnic Lobbies142

Lobbies for Foreign Governments144

"Public Interest" Groups145

Conclusions147

Section Three. Friends and Adversaries151

7. Sources of Conflict and Cooperation153

Hostility: Initiating Causes154

Hostility: Reinforcing Causes161

The Bases of Friendship166

Interaction and Reciprocity171

8. The Causes of U.S.-Soviet Rivalry177

Initiating Causes179

Reinforcing Causes194

The Outlook199

Appendix: Milestones in U.S.-Soviet Relations201

9. Friendship and Friction in the Western Alliance205

The Foundation of Cooperation205

The Sources of Tension210

The Alliance in Perspective222

10.Interventions in the Third World227

Recent Instances of Intervention227

The Uses and Costs of Military Force233

The Dynamics of Escalating Involvement238

Conclusions248

Appendix: Major U.S. Military Interventions since World War II249

Section Four. War and Peace253

11.Nuclear War: Consequences and Causes255

Physical Effects of Nuclear Weapons256

Effects on the Society and Economy258

Nuclear War by Accident262

The Preemptive Strike266

Escalation from a Conventional War270

Reducing the Risk of Nuclear War276

Conclusions280

12.Weapons and Doctrines283

Trends in Weaponry283

The Strategic Balance286

Strategic Doctrine288

The Search for Strategic Defense303

13.Controlling the Arms Race309

The Arms Control Record310

The Dynamics of the Arms Race317

The Conditions for Arms Control323

Appendix: Principal Arms Control Agreements Signed by the United States328

Section Five. National Prosperity and International Welfare331

14.Economic Relations in the Developed World333

The Advantages of Free Trade334

The Economic Order after World War II336

The Emergence of Neomercantilism339

Neomercantilism and Politics342

Dealing with Neomercantilism346

15.Problems of Third World Development353

The Postwar Years355

"All Good Things Go Together"357

Assertiveness in the Third World359

Dependency Theory361

The NIEO365

U.S. Economic Interests in the Third World368

Section Six. Conclusions373

16.Looking Back and Looking Ahead375

Foreign Policy and Democracy375

Security, Peace, and Military Force379

National and International Prosperity386

The Issue of Human Rights389

Index395