《THE POLITICS OF UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY SECOND EDITION》求取 ⇩

PART IINTRODUCTION*1+CHAPTER 1 THE POLITICS OF U.S. FOREIGN POLICY3

Understanding Foreign Policy, Complexity, and Politics*3+++The Study of U.S. Foreign Policy5

The Analytical Framework6

The Three Perspectives7

The Three Themes9

Politics into the Twenty-first Century10

PART II HISTORICAL AND GLOBAL CONTEXT13

CHAPTER 2HISTORY OF UNITED STATES FOREIGN RELATIONS15

Major Historical Patterns15

The Myth of Isolationism16

European and English Colonial Roots16

The Continental Era19

The Regional Era24

The Global Era27

World War II and Immediate Postwar Foreign Policy27

The Cold War Era28

The Post-Vietnam War Era31

The Post-Cold War Era?36

Into the Twenty-first Century37

CHAPTER 3THE GLOBAL CONTEXT AND AMERICAN POWER43

Influence on Government and Society43

The Cold War Era in World Politics43

The Rise of the East-West Conflict45

The Rise of American Power46

The Rise of Greater Global Complexity49

The Rise of Global Pluralism and Interdependence49

The Relative Decline of American Power51

The Post-Cold War Era in World Politics57

PART III THE GOVERNMENT AND THE POLICYMAKING PROCESS65

CHAPTER 4THE PARADOX OF PRESIDENTIAL POWER67

The Elements of Presidential Power67

Constitutional Roles and Strengths68

Limits and Constraints70

Uncertain Elements76

The Paradox of Presidential Power77

The Problem of Presidential Governance79

The Presidential Life Cycle79

American Politics and the Crisis of Governance83

Presidential Power and the Conduct of Foreign Policy83

Some Historical Context84

Presidential Supremacy During the Cold War Years84

The Decline of Presidential Power Since Vietnam and the End of the Cold War85

Governance Problems in the Post-Vietnam War Era86

Post-Cold War Opportunities and Risks92

Summary93

CHAPTER 5PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP97

The 'Power to Persuade and Act97

Patterns in Presidential Leadership and Governance100

The Roosevelt Presidency100

The Cold War Years100

The-Transition Years101

The Post-Vietnam War Years101

The Post-Cold War Years103

The ChallengeS of the Post-Cold War World107

CHAPTER 6PRESIDENTIAL MANAGEMENT AND THE NSC111

Presidential Management114

The President's Orientation, Agenda, and Level of Involvement114

Appointment of Staff and Advisers115

Organizing the Policym. aking Process122

The National Security Council124

Presidential Management Styles and the Role of the NSC127

The Early NSC as Advisory Body127

The Rise of the NSC Adviser and Staff128

The NSC Adviser and StaffAscendant131

Clinton's Management Style and NSC141

The NSC Process in Perspective143

CHAPTER 7THE STATE DEPARTMENT AT HOME AND ABROAD149

The Context Behind the Decline of State's Historic Role150

State's Functions Over Time151

Bureaucratic Organization and Structure153

At Home154

Abroad156

Bureaucratic Patterns158

The Foreign Service Subculture160

Consequences for Presidential Reliance on State166

The Future?167

CHAPTER 8THE MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT173

Historical Trends173

The Old U.S. Military173

The Modem Military Establishment174

DOD's Bureaucratic Structure and Process179

The Formal Ideal179

The Political Reality180

The Military Subculture185

Patterns in DOD's Military Behavior188

The American Way of War: Military Strategy and Performance201

Reform and the Future of the Military207

CHAPTER 9THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY213

Purpose and Activities of Intelligence213

The Major Intelligence Organizations214

Patterns in the Intelligence Process217

Coordination Problems220

Producer-Consumer Problems221

Variation in Intelligence Success222

The Central Intelligence Agency224

Evolution of the CIA and Covert Operations226

The "Good Ole" Days226

The "Fall" and Reform231

The Resurgence233

The Tensions Between National Security and Democracy238

A Post-Cold War Era of Uncertainty?244

CHAPTER 10 FOREIGN ECONOMICS AND THE REST OF THE BUREAUCRACY253

The Foreign Economic Bureaucracy253

U.S. Foreign Economic Policy in Historical Context253

Contemporary U.S. Global Economic Involvement and Interdependence254

Relevant Governmental Institutions256

Coordination Problems'from Above261

The National Economic Council265

The Cultural and Communications Bureaucracy267

Other Elements of the Foreign Policy Bureaucracy269

Major Foreign Policy Patterns Revisited273

CHAPTER 11 DECISION-MAKING THEORY AND EXECUTrW BRANCH POLICYMAKING277

Policymaking Stages278

Decision-Making Models278

The Rational'Actor Ideal278

Groupthink280

Governmental Politics282

Organizational Process284

Policymaking Patterns289

Presidential and Bureaucratic Politics289

Policymaking Tendencies291

The Complex Reality of Policymaking298

CHAPTER 12 CONGRESS AND LEGISLATIVE-EXECUTIVE RELATIONS303

The History of Legislative-Executive Relations303

The Constitution and Foreign Policy304

An Overview of Legislative-Executive Relations306

World War II and the Postwar Years307

Presidential Preeminence in the Cold War Era307

Congressional'Reassertion in the Post-Vietnam War Era314

Contemporary Institutional Changes316

Contemporary Legislative-Executive Relations321

Advice and Consent331

The Power of the Purse and to Make Laws334

The Power of Oversight and Investigations336

Prospects344

CHAPTER 13 THE REST OF GOVERNMENT351

The Judiciary351

Historical Overview351

The Contemporary Era353

State and Local Governments359

The Washington Political Community367

Government Politics in Perspective371

PART IV THE SOCIETY AND DOMESTIC POLITICS375

CHAPTER 14 THE PUBLIC AND THEIR BELIEFS377

The Traditional Wisdom377

A More Complex and Consequential Public378

Public Opinion379

Elite and Mass Publics379

Major Patterns in Public Opinion381

Consequences for Domestic Politics and Policymaking384

Political Ideology and Foreign Policy Orientations389

The Cold War Years of Consensus391

The Post-Vietnam Years and Lack of Consensus398

The Search for Consensus and Policy Legitimation405

Political Culture407

American Culture and National Style407

Foreign Policy Implications409

Continuity, Change, and the Vietnam War412

Patterns in Beliefs and Making Foreign Policy414

CHAPTER 15 POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND ELECTORAL POLITICS423

Political Participation423

The Electoral Process*424+++Electoral Patterns Over Time426

The New Deal Realignment426

The Period of Bipartisanship427

The Post-Vietnam Dealignment Era431

Contemporary Electoral and Campaign Politics435

CHAPTER 16 GROUP POLITICS445

Group Origins and Development445

Group Politics During the Cold War Era448

Foreign Policy and Cold War-Oriented Groups449

The Military-Industrial-Scientific Infrastructure453

The Foreign Policymaking Establishment456

The Post-Vietnam War and Post-Cold War Eras460

The Civil Rights and Anti-War Movements460

The Resurgence of Conservative Movements and the Right462

Consequences for Group Politics465

Group Politics Toward the Future478

CHAPTER 17 NATIONAL SECURITY, CML RIGHTS, AND CML LIBERTIES487

Historical Developments487

The Preoccupation with National Security versus Democratic Liberties489

World War I490

World War II491

The Cold War492

The Post-Vietnam Resurgence of Civil Liberties498

The Post-Cold War Future500

CHAPTER 18 THE MEDIA AND THE COMMUNICATIONS PROCESS505

The Influence of the Mass Media and the News505

Contemporary News Media Coverage506

Influences on the News Media508

The Complexity and Ambiguity of the World508

Characteristics of the News Business509

The Political Environment and the Communications Process514

Implications for the Politics of U.S. Foreign Policy522

The Media and U.S. Foreign Policy Since World War II523

Public Knowledge and Democratic Citizenship531

The Prevalence of Symbolic Politics534

The Entertainment Media536

The Alternative Media540

The Specialized Foreign Policy Media543

Information, Ideas, Symbols, and Politics546

PART VCONCLUSION553

CHAPTER 19 STATE-SOCiETY RELATIONS, MAKING FOREIGN POLICY, AND FOREIGN POLICY CHANGE555

Competing Theoretical Models556

Pluralism556

Elitism556

The Great Debate558

Hyperpluralism559

The Making of Foreign Policy Since World War II560

Pluralism and the Cold War Years561

The Post-Vietnam War Era, from Elitism to Pluralism562

Continuity in Hyperpluralist Politics and an Apolitical Mass Public565

Foreign Policy Change570

CHAPTER 20 INTO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY577

The Collapse of the Cold War Abroad and at Home578

The Continuation of American Power, Involvement, and Interests580

The Future Politics of U.S. Foreign Policy582

Author Index585

Subject Index599