《MARITIME BOUNDARY》

PART ONE: SCOPE, LIMITS OF MARITIME ZONES,TECHNICAL ASPECTS1

1. Introduction3

Scope3

Background4

2. Outer limits of maritime zones11

A. Pre-1949 position11

B. International Law Commission: 1949—195612

C. The 1958 Conference and the Geneva Conventions20

The 1958 Geneva Conventions23

The Second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 196025

D. The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea （UNCLOS）: 1973—198227

E. The 1982 Convention and the outer limits of maritime zones29

（1） Territorial sea29

（2） Baselines30

Normal baselines and related provisions31

Bays31

Straight baselines32

Archipelagic baselines33

Importance of baselines34

（3） Contiguous zone35

（4） Exclusive economic zone35

（5） Continental shelf36

（6） Islands42

Summing up42

3.Delimitation between States with opposite or adjacent coasts49

A. Pre-International Law Commission49

B. International Law Commission: 1949—195650

C. The 1958 Conference and the Geneva Conventions55

D. UNCLOS and the 1982 Convention57

4.Technical aspects59

Scale of charts61

Chart projection62

Nature of lines62

Geodetic datum and spheroid63

Literature66

PART TWO. TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS67

5.Introduction69

6.Asian Agreements75

A. The Gulf75

B. India and the neighbouring States79

C. Southeast Asia83

The Gulf of Thailand84

Agreement between Burma and Thailand86

D. Other Agreements87

Japan and the Republic of Korea87

E. Inter-regional Agreements88

Agreement between Sudan and Saudi Arabia88

Agreements between Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Australia89

Agreements in the South Pacific93

7.African Agreements97

8. Latin American Agreements101

South America and Central America101

The Caribbean Sea103

Inter-regional Agreements104

Mexico and the USA104

The Caribbean Sea105

9. Agreements between Western European and other States109

The North Sea109

WEO Agreements in other areas114

Inter-regional Agreements118

10. Eastern European （Socialist） Agreements119

11. Treaties and Agreements: summary121

PART THREE: JUDICIAL, ARBITRAL AND OTHER DECISIONS125

12. Judicial, arbitral and other decisions127

A. North Sea Continental Shelf cases, 1969127

B. Arbitration between the United Kingdom and France on deli-mitation of the continental shelf140

1. The decision of 30 June 1977140

Rules of international law144

Application of the rules147

Eddystone Rock147

Channel Islands147

Atlantic region150

2.The decision of 14 March 1978154

C. Controversy concerning the Beagle Channel Region （Chile/Argentina）, 1977163

D. Aegean Sea Continental Shelf case （Greece v. Turkey）, Judg-ment of 19 December 1978164

E. Report of the Conciliation Commission on the continental shelf area between Iceland and Jan Mayen （Norway）, 1981165

F. Case Concerning the Continental Shelf （Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya）, Judgment of 24 February 1982168

Maps169

Facts and the Judgment in outline169

Submissions of Parties173

The delimitation area176

Natural prolongation and equitable principles176

Natural prolongation and the delimitation area178

Relevant circumstances180

The practical method for delimitation184

The first sector186

The second sector188

Summing up191

Separate opinions193

Dissenting opinions195

Summing up206

PART FOUR: MARITIME BOUNDARY AT THE THIRD UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE LAW OF THE SEA, 1973 —1982219

13. Maritime boundary at the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: 1973 —1981219

A. Pre-1973221

B. 1974—1975: Caracas （1974） and Geneva （1975） Sessions of UNCLOS223

Geneva Session of UNCLOS （1975） and preparation of In-formal Single Negotiating Text —SNT （1975）226

C. 1976 —1977: Revised Single Negotiating Text —RSNT （May 1976）； Informal Composite Negotiating Text —ICNT （July 1977）229

1977: ICNT231

D. 1978 —1980: Negotiating Group 7 on Maritime Boundary； Re-visions to Informal Composite Negotiating Text —ICNT/Rev. 1 （April 1979） and ICNT/Rev.2 （April 1980）232

Negotiating Group 7233

1980: ICNT/2-Rev. 2 （11 April 1980）238

E. 1980—1981: Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea —In-formal Text （27 August 1980）； Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea （formalised as A/CONF.62/L.78 on 28 August 1981）239

1981: New compromise proposal241

14. 1982: Adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea249

General statements: March 30 —April 1, 1982251

Amendments proposed255

Montego Bay, Jamaica: December 6 —10, 1982261

Summing up269

PART FIVE: CONCLUSIONS273

15. Conclusions275

PART SIX: ADDENDUM285

16. Addendum287

A. Treaties and Agreements287

（1） Agreement between the United Kingdom and France relating to the continental shelf boundary, 1982288

（2） Agreement between France and Fiji relating to the economic zone boundary, 1983288

（3） Memorandum of Understanding between Indonesia and Australia concerning provisional fisheries surveillance and enforcement arrangement, 1981289

（4） Other developments289

Summing up290

B. Judicial, arbitral and other decisions290

（1） Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area （Canada/USA）: Judgment of 12 October 1984290

Background to Judgment, relevant maps290

Question before the ICJ Chamber296

Submissions of parties297

Canada297

United States297

Nature of the dispute299

The delimitation area300

History of dispute and claim lines of parties302

Principles and rules of international law relating to maritime delimitation304

‘Fundamental norm' of delimitation306

Equitable criteria and practical methods of delimitation306

Article 6 of the 1958 Convention not applicable307

Conduct of parties307

Delimitation criteria309

Practical methods309

Claim lines of parties309

The United States lines310

The Canadian lines311

Single maritime boundary determined by the Chamber312

Delimitation line determined by the Chamber313

Equitable result of delimitation line tested315

Separate opinion317

Dissenting opinion319

Assessment or appraisal322

（2） Other developments325

ANNEXES329

Annex 1. List of Agreements on maritime boundary331

Annex 2. Text of Agreements on maritime boundary （sample）345

1. Agreement between India and Maldives on the Maritime Boundary in the Arabian Sea and Related Matters345

2. Memorandum of Understanding between the Kingdom of Thailand and Malaysia on the Establishment of a Joint Authority for the Exploitation of the Resources of the Sea—bed in a Defined Area of the Continental Shelf of the Two Countries in the Gulf of Thailand347

3. Agreement concerning the Boundary Line Dividing the Continental Shelf between Iran and Qatar, Done at Doha on 20 September 1969351

4. Exchange of Notes between the United Republic of Tanzania and Kenya concerning the Delimitation of the Territorial Waters Boundary between the Two States353

5. Treaty on Maritime Boundaries between the United States of America and the United Mexican States355

6. Convention between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Spanish State on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelves of the Two States in the Bay of Biscay357

7. Treaty between the United States of America and the Cook Islands on Friendship and Delimitation of the Maritime Boun-dary between the United States of America and the Cook Islands363

8. Treaty between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Polish People's Republic concerning the Boundary of the Continental Shelf in the Gulf of Gdansk and the South-Eastern Part of the Baltic Sea, Done at Warsaw on 28 August 1969366

Annex Ⅲ. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,1982 （Text of Articles）369

A. Text of Articles on outer limits of maritime zones369

B. Text of Articles on baselines375

C. Text of Articles on delimitation of maritime zones between States with opposite or adjacent coasts379

BIBLIOGRAPHY383