《THE UNITED STATES AND WORLD TRAED CHANGING PATTERNS AND DIMENSIONS》

1. THE POSITION OF THE UNITED STATES IN WORLD TRADE1

Objectives of the Study2

Organization of the Study3

Part I3

Part II5

Part III7

PART I: THE HIERARCHY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE9

2. WORLD TRADE, HIERARCHIES, ECONOMIC DEPENDENCE, AND PATTERNS OF INTERNATIONAL INFLUENCE11

Studies of World Trade Patterns12

Cores and Peripheries14

Large States and Small States16

Hierarchical Studies27

Flow Analysis30

Summary31

3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE HIERARCHIES33

The Hierarchy of World Trade33

Methodology35

Construction of Trade Hierarchies38

Trade Flow Index38

Hierarchical Structure40

Hypothetical Example40

4. OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE HIERARCHIES44

Cartographic Presentations44

Principal Hierarchies Over Time51

Conclusions72

5. DEPENDENCY PATTERNS AMONG NATIONS75

Proportionate Trade with Dominant Nations76

Dependency of National Economy on Dominant Nations95

Dependency and Interdependency in International Trade112

6. INTERNATIONAL HIERARCHIES: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS118

International Hierarchies118

Dependency Theory122

The Role of EEC126

Summary127

PART II: THE TECHNOLOGY-INTENSIVE EXPORT POSITION OF THE UNITED STATES129

7. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN EXPORT TRADE131

The Position of the United States in Technology-Intensive Trade131

Leontief's Paradox and the Search for Answers132

Technology Factors in Trade133

Human Capital of Skill Intensity139

Other Factors141

Country Findings144

Summary147

8. ANALYSIS OF TECHNOLOGY-INTENSIVE TRADE148

Description of the Study148

Organization156

9. UNITED STATES TECHNOLOGY-INTENSIVE EXPORT POSITION159

World Overview160

Industry-Specific Export Positions174

U.S. Imports of Technology-Intensive Products197

10.TECHNOLOGY-INTENSIVE EXPORT POSITION OF OTHER MAJOR TRADING NATIONS206

German Export Position206

Japanese Export Position216

United Kingdom Export Position225

French Export Position230

U.S., German, and Japanese Export Positions Compared233

Summary237

11.IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. TECHNOLOGY-INTENSIVE TRADE239

Technology Intensity and Comparative Advantage240

Explanations of Shifts in Technology-Intensive Export Markets244

Policy Areas251

PART III: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS253

12.EXPORT PATTERNS AND U.S. ECONOMIC INFLUENCE255

Technology Intensity and Export Markets255

Prospects for the Future261

Appendix A. COUNTRIES EMPLOYED IN HIERARCHY STUDY267

Appendix B. PERCENTAGE OF EXPORTS TO LARGEST MARKETS277

Appendix C. PERCENTAGE OF GDP REPRESENTED BY EXPORTS TO LARGEST MARKETS285

Appendix D. FOUR-DIGIT SITC PRODUCT CATEGORIES AND UNITED STATES MARKETS SHARES AND PERCENT NET SHIFTS, 1963 TO 1974291

REFERENCES302

DATA SOURCES317

ABOUT THE AUTHORS319