《TECHNOLOGY OF INSTRUMENTATION》求取 ⇩

CHAPTER 1BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT17

1．1．INITIAL PROCEDURE17

1．2．GUIDING RULES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON INSTRUMENT DESIGN18

1．3．STATIC MEASUREMENTS20

1．3．1．INDICATING INSTRUMENTS OF THE SCALE AND POINTER TYPE20

1．3．2．CALIBRATION PROCEDURE22

1．3．3．ERRORS IN MEASURING INSTRUMENTS22

1．3．4．EFFECTS OF FRICTION IN THE INSTRUMENT MOVEMENT24

CHAPTER 2BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS WITH A MOVING ELEMENT27

2．1．THE INSTRUMENT MOVRMENT27

2．2．THE INSTRUMENT RESPONSE28

2．3．THE TRANSIRENT CONDITION30

2．4．CRITERION FOR DAMPING CHARACTRRISTICS-THE DAMPING RATIO34

2．5．RELATIONSHIP BETWEREN DAMPING RATIO,DAMPING FACTOR,LOGA-RITHMIC DECREMENT AND SETTLING TIMR37

2．6．RESPONSE TO A STEP FUNCTION OF DISPLACEMENT41

2．7．GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE INSTRUMENT RESPONSE42

2．8．APPLICATIONS OF THE GIVEN DATA44

CHAPTER 3THE DYNAMIC ACCURACY OF AN INSTRUMENT45

3．1．THE INPUT AS A FUNCTION OF TIME45

3．2．RESPONSE TO A CONSTANT VELOCITY46

3．3．RESPONSE TO A CONSTANT ACCELERATION47

3．4．RESPONSE TO A SINUSOIDAL INPUT48

3．5．THE RESONANT CONDITION50

3．6．THE OPTIMUM VALUR OF THE DAMPING RATIO52

3．7．EFFRCTS OF PHASE SHIFT ON INSTRUMENTAL ACCURACY53

3．8．USE OF THE RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS IN A SIMPLE INSTRUMENT DESIGN PROBLEM53

3．9．SUMMARY OF THE RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS55

CHAPTER 4LABORATORY TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING THE RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INSTRUMENT MOVEMENTS AND SIMPLE SERVOMECHANISMS58

4．1．THE PARAMETERS TO BE MEASURED58

4．2．THEORETICAL RELATIONS USED IN THE MEASUREMENTS OF DAMPING RATIO AND UNDAMPED NATURAL FREQUENCY60

4．3．VALIDITY OF THE EQUATION OF MOTION61

4．4．MEASUREMENTS ON TRANSIENT RESPONSE64

4．4．1．PRODUCTION OF AN INPUT STEP FUNCTION OF DISPLACEMENT64

4．4．2．MEASURING THE TRANSIENT65

4．5．MEASUREMENTS ON THE HARMONIC RESPONSE69

4．5．1．PRODUCTION OF THE SINUSOIDAL INPUT70

4．5．2．MEASUREMENT OF THE STEADY STATE AMPLITUDE AND PHASE RELATIONS72

CHAPTER 5INSTRUMENTATION APPLIED TO CONTROL PROCESSES75

5．1．THE IMPLICATIONS OF CONTROL75

5．2．THE FEEDBACK PRINCIPLE75

5．3．COMPARISON OF KINETIC AND PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS79

5．4．ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF AUTOMATIC POSITION CONTROL80

5．5．BASIC THEORY OF POSITION CONTROL85

CHAPTER 6IMPROVEMENT OF SERVOMECHANISM PERFORMANCE88

6．1．METHODS FOR INCREASING DAMPING88

6．1．1．ADDITION OF EXTRA VISCOUS FRICTION88

6．1．2．USE OF NEGATIVE VELOCITY FEEDBACK90

6．1．3．USE OF ACCELERATION FEEDBACK94

6．1．4．THE OSCILLATION DAMPER97

6．1．5．DAMPING WITH DERIVATIVE OF ERROR100

6．2．REDUCTION OF VELOCITY LAG104

6．2．1．FEED FORWARD OF DERIVATIVE OF INPUT105

6．2．2．FEED FORWARD OF INTEGRAL OF ERROR106

6．3．REDUCTION OF ACCELERATION LAG109

6．4．VALIDITY OF THE THEORY IN PRACTICAL SYSTEMS109

6．5．DISCONTINUOUS SYSTEMS113

CHAPTER 7STABILITY CRITERIA FOR LINEAR SERVOMECHANISMS116

7．1．REQUIREMENTS FOR A STABLE SYSTEM116

7．2．THE HURWITZ STABILITY CRITERION118

7．3．LIMITATIONS OF THE HURWITZ CRITERION120

7．4．QUANTITATIVE EXAMINATION OF STABILITY120

7．4．1．DATA FOR HARMONIC RESPONSE DIAGRAMS122

7．5．TRANSFER FUNCTIONS123

7．5．1．COMBINATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTIONS124

7．5．2．LOOP TRANSFER FUNCTIONS AND SERVO TRANSFER FUNCTIONS125

7．6．TRANSFER FUNCTIONS AND HARMONIC RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS127

7．7．THE NYQUIST DIAGRAM AND THE STABILITY CRITERION130

7．8．USE OF HARMONIC RESPONSE DIAGRAMS IN DESIGN PROCEDURE135

7．9．USE OF LOGARITHMS IN HARMONIC RESPONSE PLOTTING137

7．10．APPLICATIONS OF HARMONIC RESPONSE DIAGRAMS TO ASSESSMENT OF RECORDING INSTRUMENTS141

CHAPTER 8COMPONENTS USED IN SERVOMECHANISM LAYOUTS144

8．1．PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF THE PROBLEM144

8．2．FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN A PARTICULAR PROBLEM144

8．3．TYPES OF COMPARISON ELEMENT147

8．3．1．COMPARISON ELEMENTS FOR LOCAL FOLLOW-UP SYSTEMS147

8．3．2．COMPARISON ELEMENTS USED IN REMOTE POSITION CONTROL149

8．4．SERVO AMPLIFIERS156

8．4．1．FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF AN AMPLIFIER157

8．4．2．MECHANICAL AMPLIFIERS158

8．4．3．ELECTRICAL AMPLIFIERS159

8．4．4．ELECTRONIC AMPLIFIERS162

8．4．5．THYRATRON AMPLIFIERS164

8．4．6．HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC AMPLIFIERS164

8．4．7．FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS167

8．5．SERVO MOTORS171

8．5．1．A．C．MOTORS172

8．5．2．D．C．MOTORS173

8．5．3．HYDRAULIC MOTORS174

8．5．4．PNEUMATIC MOTORS174

8．6．TRANSMISSION OF SERVO MOTOR TORQUE TO THR LOAD175

8．7．INCLUSION OF GEAR RATIO IN PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS176

8．8．OTHER USES FOR SERVOMECHANISM ELEMENTS178

CHAPTER 9INSTRUMENTATION OF MATHEMATICS180

9．1．ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS180

9．2．ACCURACY OF COMPUTING DEVICES182

9．3．USEFUL LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS FOR DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION182

9．4．DIFFERENTIATION OF A CURVE183

9．5．INSTRUMENTS FOR INTEGRATION AND AREA MEASUREMENT186

9．5．1．ANALOGUE INTEGRATORS186

9．5．2．AREA MEASUREMENT191

9．6．SOLUTION OF A DIFFRRENTIAL EQUATION WITH A HATCHET PLANI-METER194

BIBLIOGRAPHY197

INDEX200