《PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE ORGANIC SOLID STATE》求取 ⇩

1．Thermodynamics of crystals＆by Edgar F．Westrum,Jr．,and John P．McCullough1

Ⅰ．Introduction3

Ⅱ．General Principles4

1．Classical Thermodynamics4

2．Statistical Thermodynamics12

Ⅲ．Experimental Measurements15

1．Determination of Thermal Properties by Calorimetric Methods15

2．Determination of Thermodynamic Properties by Nonealori-metric Methods35

Ⅳ．Thermodynamic Properties of Crystals40

1．Experimental Results40

2．Interpretation and Correlation of Properties56

Ⅴ．Phase Behavior of Pure Substances73

1．Polymorphism73

2．Phenomenological Classifications of Transitions76

3．Order-Disorder Transitions85

4．Transitions to the Plastically Crystalline State89

5．Transitions to the Vitreous State102

6．Transitions to the Liquid State103

7．Transitions to the Vapor State107

8．Electronic and Magnetic Transitions117

9．Ferroelectric Transitions121

Ⅵ．Thermodynamic Properties of Free Radicals in Organic Crystals128

Ⅶ．Thermodynamics of Mixtures130

1．Organic Solid Solutions130

2．Clathrates133

Ⅷ Appendix:Summary of Thermodynamic Data Available for Organic Crystals135

Ⅸ．References156

2．Definition and attainment of high purity of organic compounds＆by Gilbert J．Sloan179

Ⅰ．Introduction180

Ⅱ．The Determination of Purity181

1．General Considerations181

2．Fusion Curves182

3．Phase Solubility Analysis189

4．Difference Methods191

Ⅲ．Zone Refining and Related Techniques193

1．Theory193

2．Methods and Results200

Ⅳ．Countercurrent Distribution207

1．Introduction207

2．Theory and General Methods207

3．Techniques,Apparatus,and Results209

Ⅴ．Chromatography210

1．Introduction210

2．Methods211

3．Experimental Procedures and Apparatus211

Ⅵ．Sublimation215

1．Vapor Zone Refining215

2．Gradient Sublimation215

3．Microfractor216

Ⅶ．References217

3．Crystal growth＆by G．F．Reynolds223

Ⅰ．Introduction224

1．Preliminary Remarks224

2．Saturation,Supersaturation,Metastable Supersaturation,and Labile Supersaturation225

Ⅱ．Theory of Crystal Growth:An Introduction227

1．The Theory of Growth of Perfect Crystals227

2．The Theory of Growth of Imperfect Crystals230

Ⅲ．Growth from Solution242

1．General Considerations243

2．Preparation of Seed Crystals245

3．Growth by Cooling246

4．Growth by Evaporation249

5．Growth by the Temperature-Difierence Method254

6．Other Solution Methods258

Ⅳ．Growth from the Vapor258

1．General Considerations259

2．Method a260

3．Method b261

4．Method c264

Ⅴ．Growth from the Melt266

1．General Considerations266

2．Bridgman-Stockbarger Method267

3．Stober Method272

4．Nacken-Kyropoulos Method274

5．Crystal Pulling276

6．Zone Melting Techniques278

Ⅵ．Special Methods of Growth281

1．Growth in the Solid State281

2．Growth through Chemical Change282

3．Growth through High Pressure and Temperature283

Ⅶ．References284

4．Thermal reactions of organic solids＆by H．Morawetz287

Ⅰ．Introduction287

Ⅱ．Some Characteristics of Reactions of Inorganic Solids288

Ⅲ．Special Factors to be Considered with Organic Solid Reagents291

Ⅳ．Isomerizations294

Ⅴ．Polycondensations297

Ⅵ．Chain Reactions300

1．Decomposition and Isomerization Chain Reactions300

2．Polymerization Chain Reactions302

Ⅶ．Szilard-Chalmers Reactions311

Ⅷ．Reversible Solid-Gas Equilibria313

Ⅸ．Organic Explosives316

Ⅹ．Reactions in Solid Polymers318

1．Depolymerization318

2．Cross-Linking320

3．Reactions of Solid Polymers with Small Molecules322

4．Dccomposition of Small Molecules in a Polymer Matrix324

Ⅺ．References324

5．The photochemistry of the organic solid state＆by Hugh S．A．Gilmour329

Ⅰ．Introduction330

Ⅱ．Unimolecular Reactions331

1．Phototropy:Reversible Photoisomerizations331

2．Irreversible Photoisomerizations335

3．Free-Radical Formation336

4．Four-Center Reactions340

5．Unstable Intermediate Redox States341

6．Triplet States341

7．Photoanisotropy343

Ⅲ．Bimolecular Reactions345

1．Introduction345

2．The Triplet State in a Reactive Matrix345

3．States Intermediate Between Solid and Liquid346

4．The Formation of Substituted Cyclobutane347

5．The Addition of Oxygen351

Ⅳ．Photoelectric Effects353

Ⅴ．Dyes and Textile Polymers354

1．Introduction354

2．Dye Stability354

3．The Photochemical Tendering of Fabrics358

4．Photochemical Bond-Forming and Bond-Breaking Reactions in Monomers and Polymers360

5．The Photochemistry of Elastomers362

Ⅵ．Diazo Compounds363

Ⅶ．Energy Transfer363

Ⅷ．References363

6．Crystal form and crystal structure＆by P．Hartman369

Ⅰ．Introduction370

1．Crystal Form370

2．Crystal Structure373

Ⅱ．Form and Structure377

1．Geometrical Relations377

2．Structural Relations380

3．Thermodynamic Relations395

4．Polar Crystals397

Ⅲ．Habit Change398

1．By Change of Supersaturation398

2．By Change of Solvent399

3．By Addition of Impurities400

4．By Differences in Growth Process402

Ⅳ．Information about Crystal Structure from Morphology404

Ⅴ．References407

7．Structure of surfaces＆by W．J．Dunning411

Ⅰ．Introduction412

Ⅱ．Thermodynamics of Surfaces413

1．Definitions413

2．Wulff＇s Theorem414

3．Surface Stress415

Ⅲ．Molecular Theory of Surfaces415

1．Binding Energies of Molecules415

2．Estimation of Surface Energy417

3．Surfaces in the Equilibrium Shape418

4．Wulff＇s Rule and the Gibbs-Thomson Equation418

Ⅳ．Statistical Mechanics of Surfaces421

1．Dependence of Line Tension on Orientation421

2．Equilibrium Shape of a Two-Dimensional Crystal422

3．Dependence of Surface Tension on Orientation424

4．Equilibrium Shape of a Crystal426

Ⅴ．Experimental427

1．Direct Determination of the Surface Tension427

2．Experimental Investigation of Crystal Form in Relation to Surface Structure434

3．Growth Surfaces439

4．Etched Surfaces445

5．Cleavage Surfaces447

6．Polymeric Surfaces450

Ⅵ．References456

8．The crystallization of long-chain polymers＆by H．D．Keith461

Ⅰ．Introduction462

1．Objective and Approach462

2．Historical Outline463

Ⅱ．Molecular Structure and its Organization in the Crystalline State466

1．Classification of Molecular Structures466

2．The Structure of Polymer Molecules in Relation to their Ability to Crystallize469

3．Some Representative Crystal Structures480

Ⅲ．The Morphology of Solution-Grown Crystals491

1．Superficial Characteristics491

2．Finer Details of Crystalline Morphology and the Geometry of Molecular Folding497

3．Theories of the Formation of Chain-Folded Lamellae505

Ⅳ．The Morphology of Polymers Crystallized from the Melt513

1．Spherulitic Crystallization513

2．Molecular Orientations in Polymer Spherulites516

3．The Nature of the Radial Fibirls522

4．The Growth and Over-all Structure of the Spherulites525

5．Mechanisms of Crystallization in Bulk Polymers530

Ⅴ．References539

9．Plastic crystals＆by John Geldart Aston543

Ⅰ．Introduction543

Ⅱ．Mechanical Mobility and＂Viscosity＂of Plastic Crystals544

Ⅲ．Lattice Parameters and X-Ray Reflection from Plastic Crystals548

Ⅳ．Dielectric Constant of Plastic Crystals551

Ⅴ．Calorimetric Studies of Molecular Rotation555

Ⅵ．The Effect of Mobility of Plastic Crystals on the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Absorption Line562

Ⅶ．Solid Solutions Involving Plastic Crystals571

Ⅷ．Mobility of Absorbed and Adsorbed Spherical Molecules577

Ⅸ．Theory of Phase Changes in Plastic Crystals580

Ⅹ．Hindered Rotation in Solids．Concluding Remarks581

Ⅺ．References582

10．Visible and ultraviolet absorption by molecular crystals＆by D．P．Craig and S．H．Walmsley585

Ⅰ．Theoretical586

1．Introduction586

2．Spectroscopic Preliminaries589

3．The Exciton Theory591

4．The Energies of Crystal States to the First Order602

5．Higher Approximations610

6．The Influence of Molecular Vibrations618

Ⅱ．Experimental625

1．Methods of Measurement of Crystal Spectra625

2．Results631

Ⅲ．Conclusion645

Appendix646

Ⅳ．References653

11．Infrared spectra of molecular crystals＆by David A．Dows657

Ⅰ．Introduction658

Ⅱ．Theory660

1．Vibrations and Spectra660

2．The Interaction Potential676

Ⅲ．Methods of Study of Vibrational Spectra of Crystals681

1．Apparatus and Samples681

2．Line Shapes,Intensities,and Reflection684

3．Mixed-Crystal and Matrix Methods685

Ⅳ．Some Illustrative Results686

1．Effects of Condensation on Spectra687

2．Benzene690

3．Paraffins,Polyethylene,and Polymers693

Ⅴ．References694

12．Dielectric phenomena＆by Charles P．Smyth697

Ⅰ．Introduction698

Ⅱ．Dielectric Theory699

1．Dielectric Constant and Refractive Index699

2．Dielectric Constant,Polarization,and Refraction700

3．Dielectric Relaxation and Loss702

4．Loss Due to d-c Conductance707

5．Interfacial Polarization707

6．Mixtures708

Ⅲ．Experimental Methods709

1．Introduction709

2．Dielectric Constant and Loss Measurement709

Ⅳ．Dielectric Constants and Losses713

1．Nonpolar Substances713

2．Polar Substances715

3．High Polymers734

Ⅴ．Electrets739

Ⅵ．References740

13．Electron transfer across the boundaries of organic solids＆by Lawrence E．Lyons745

Ⅰ．Introduction746

1．Types of Organic Solids746

2．Energy-Level Diagrams747

3．Electrical Charge and Potential in Molecular Crystals753

4．Electrets757

Ⅱ．Solid-Vacuum Interfaces759

1．Surface Potential，φS759

2．Electron Affinities764

3．Electron Emission from Organic Crystals Caused by Heat767

4．Electron Emission Caused by Light769

5．Secondary Electron Emission784

6．Electron Emission by Stripping784

7．Exo-Electrons785

Ⅲ．Solid-Liquid Interfaces785

1．Organic Solid in Contact with an Electrolyte785

2．Metal in Contact with an Organic Solute or Liquid788

Ⅳ．Solid-Solid Interfaces788

1．Energy-Level Diagrams788

2．Contact-Porential Differences,C790

3．Contact Electrification793

4．Point-Contact Rectification796

5．Thermoelectric Effects796

6．Photovoltaic Effects799

Ⅴ．Conclusion804

Ⅵ．References804

Subject index811