《英语语义语法》高清PDF

文摘 版权页： Languages differ in the weightings they assign to different parts of grammar.Some languages have a simple morphology but make up for this by having complex rules for the ways in which words are combined.Other languages have long words， typically consisting of many morphcmes.but a fairly straightforward syntax.For every language we can recognise word classes， sets of words that have the same grammatical properties， although the nature or these properties will vary， depending on the grammatical profile of the language. There are two sorts of word classes— major and minor.The minor classes have limited membership and cannot readily be added to.For instancc.there are just seven Personal Pronouns in English （me， us， you， him， her， it， them—see ξ2.1）； new pronouns do not get coined in a hurry.（As a language evolves some pronouns do disappear and others evolve， but this is a slow and natural process.Old English had thou for second person singular； its context of use became more and more restricted and it was finally replaced by you.which was originally used just for second person plural.） Most minor classes do not have any independent referential meaning （they do not correspond to any object or quality or activity） but serve just to modify words from the major classes， and link them together into phrases， clauses and sentences.Articles （a， the， etc.） and Linkers （and， because， after， and so on） are minor classes in English， whose functions and meanings should bc fully covered within a comprehensive grammar of the language.

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