《Table 1 Definition of the indices of starting date, ending date and length of the thermal growing s

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《Variations of the thermal growing season during the period 1961–2015 in northern China》

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Note:Tmean，mean air temperature；Fr，frost.

We calculated a set of growing season indices，including the starting date of the growing season（SI），the ending date of the growing season（EI），and the length of the growing season（LI），from daily mean temperature data based on different criteria as Table 1.In this study，four indices were used to determine the starting date and another five indices were used to determine the ending date of the growing season.Starting and ending indices were then combined to six different indices for the length of the growing season.Since the threshold of 5°C daily mean temperature has been widely accepted for determining the thermal growing season（Carter，1998，Frich et al.，2002，Jones et al.，2002；Walther and Linderholm，2006；Song et al.，2010；Dong et al.，2012；Guo et al.，2016），here we also used it in all of the indices.The main differences between indices were presented in the lengths of the spells when daily mean temperature was over 5°C（starting date）or below 5°C（ending date）.All indices that were used are listed in Table 1.