《MANUAL OF STRESSED SKIN DIAPHRAGM DESIGN》

Contents1

Preface1

PART Ⅰ DESIGN METHOD AND EXAMPLES1

Introduction1

1.1 Historical background3

1.2 The present situation3

1.3 Principles of diaphragm action6

1.4 Types of building suitable for stressed skin design7

1.7 Necessary conditions for stressed skin action8

1.6 Suitable fasteners for stressed skin design8

1.5 Suitable cladding for stressed skin action8

1.8 Loading and load factors10

1.9 Economic advantages of stressed skin design10

1.10 Other types of stressed skin structure12

The basic shear panel17

2.1 Basic arrangements and definitions17

2.2 Types of diaphragm17

2.3 Components of an individual panel17

2.4 Determination of flexibility and strength21

2.5 Fastener characteristics21

2.7 Expressions for diaphragm strength(cantilever panel,sheeting perpendicular to span)24

2.6 Principles and assumptions in design expressions24

2.8 Expressions for diaphragm flexibility(cantilever panel,sheeting perpendicular to span)33

2.9 Modification to design expressions for sheeting spanning parallel to span of diaphragm38

2.10 Welded diaphragms40

2.11 Aluminium diaphra41

2.12 Effect ofbonded insulat42

2.13 Diaphragms in the vertical plane42

Design of panel assembli43

3.1 Assemblies of panels to form a complete diaphragm43

3.3 Design expressions for complete diaphrag45

3.2 Roofs of irregular plan45

3.4 Modifications to design expressions for sheeting spanning parallel to span of diaphragm49

3.5 Otherdesign criteria50

Interaction of panels and stiff53

4.1 Introduction53

4.2 Manual elastic analysis of clad structures54

4.3 Computer analysis of clad structures59

4.4 Manual plastic analysis of clad structures60

4.5 Plastic analysis of clad structures by computer65

4.6 The danger of ignoring stressed skin action in conventional construction65

Irregular diaphragms69

5.1 Introduction69

5.2 Finite element analysis of diaphragms70

5.3 Simplified computer analysis76

5.4 Design by test86

5.5 Diaphragms with openi89

5.6 Diaphragms subject to in-plane point loads93

Design tables for steel diaphrag96

6.1 Introduction96

6.2 Arrangements of diaphragms96

6.3 Design expressions97

6.4 Practical considerations in the preparation of design tables98

6.5 Parameters for table construction100

6.7 Approximate treatment of openings102

6.6 Design tables102

6.8 Cantilevered diaphragms105

Design examples106

7.1 Cantilevered diaphragm fastened on four sides,sheeting perpendicular to span of diaphragm106

7.2 Welded cantilever diaphragm fastened on four sides,sheeting parallel to span of diaphragm110

7.3 Flat-roofed building with pinned frames,sheeting spanning perpendicular to span of diaphragm(including the effect of significant openings)114

7.4 Flat roofed building with sheeting spanning parallel to span of diaphragm(with both pinned and rigid-jointed frames)124

7.5 Pitched roof structure subject to vertical load131

7.6 Further examples of diaphragm calculations142

7.7 Folded plate roof143

8.2 SEAC Mark 3 Building System152

Examples of actual bu ildings152

8.1 Introduction152

8.3 CLASP Mark 5 Building System154

8.4 New Covent Garden fruit and vegetable market156

8.5 Tablet factory at Beeston157

8.6 Industrial warehouses at Queen's Drive,Nottingham159

8.7 Stuttgarter Neckarstadion-main stand160

Summary of design expressions,tables of factors and symbols162

9.1 Symbols required for diaphragm strength and flexibility162

9.2 Notes on symbols164

9.3 Design expressions,cantilever diaphragm,sheeting perpendicu165

9.4 Design expressions,cantilever diaphragm,sheeting parallel167

9.5 Design expressions,diaphragm beam,sheeting perpendicular168

9.6 Design expressions,diaphragm beam,sheeting parallel170

9.7 Notes on design expressions for diaphragm strength and flexibility172

9.8 Design aids and tables of factors200

9.9 Design tables for diaphragms200

9.10 Design expressions for an element of a folded plate roof201

PART Ⅱ THEORY,TESTS AND ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS207

Derivation of the design expressions for the basic shear panel207

10.2 Sheet to purlin fastener forces and consequent flexibility207

10.3 Seam strength and flexibility211

10.4 Strength and flexibility in end sub-panels215

10.5 The factorsβ1 andβ2217

10.6 Flexibility due to profile distortion218

10.7 Flexibility with fasteners in alternate troughs228

10.8 Profile distortion in arc and tangent sheeting232

10.9 Influence of sheet end laps and alternative fastener arrangements on profile distortion236

10.10 Influence of bonded insulation237

10.11 Flexibility due to shear strain in the sheeting237

10.12 Flexibility due to axial strain in the edge members238

10.13 Shear buckling of diaphragms238

10.14 Comparisons with finite element and test results242

Design expressions for panel assemblies248

11.1 Introduction248

11.2 Flexibility due to movement at the gables and intermediate rafters249

11.3 Flexibility dueto axial strain in the edge members251

11.4 Profile distortion with the sheeting spanning parallel to the span of the diaphragm252

12.2 Reduction factors for frame moments254

Interaction of panels and stiff frames254

12.1 Introduction254

12.3 Reduction factors for one frame only loaded258

12.4 An alternative general solution for reduction factors261

12.5 Tests on a semi-full size pitched roof portal frame structure261

12.6 Full-scale tests on an actual structure267

12.7 Tests on a rectangular portal frame building268

12.8 Full-scale laboratory tests on a pitched roof portal building276

12.9 Conclusions from large-scale testing286

Fasteners for Stressed skin structures288

13.1 Introduction288

13.2 Fasteners in shear-test procedures and failure modes289

13.3 Design expressions for fasteners in shear300

13.4 Fasteners in tension-test procedures and failure modes307

13.5 Influence of repeated loading on fastener performance312

13.6 Combined loading of fasteners315

13.7 Corrosion of fasteners315

13.8 Material factors for fasteners316

Diaphragms with openings317

14.1 Introduction317

14.2 Tests on diaphragms containing openings318

14.3 Finite element analysis324

14.4 Approximate analysis of diaphragms with openings324

14.5 Comparison of theoretical and experimental results326

14.6 Conclusions from test results and analysis332

14.7 Design expressions for local forces near openings332

14.8 Application of the design procedure to the tested diaphrag335

14.9 Systematic investigation of diaphragms with openings335

14.10 Practical considerations338

Light gauge steel folded plate roofs339

15.1 Introduction339

15.2 Design of folded plate roofs342

15.3 Comparison of theory with finite element analysis356

15.4 Tests on full-scale plate elements(first series E1-E8)357

15.5 Tests on full-scale plate elements(second series E9-E17)362

15.6 Full-scale testing of a hipped roof structure366

15.7 Full-scale testing of a folded plate roof371

15.8 Design charts for folded plate roofs381

15.9 An alternative form for the basic folded plate structure384

15.10 Alternative shapes for folded plate and related structures385

15.11 Practical considerations in conventional folded plate design386

15.12 Conclusions388

Light gauge steel shells389

16.1 Introduction389

16.2 Basic form of the hyperbolic paraboloid roof391

16.3 Analysis and design of hyperbolic paraboloid roofs391

16.4 Light gauge steel hyperbolic paraboloid roofs in practice393

16.5 Analysis and design of cylindrical shell roofs394

16.6 Cylindrical shell roofs in practice395

The use of diaphragm action to stabilise rafters and to replace bracing at the gable and eaves397

17.1 Requirements for the lateral support of beams397

17.2 Bracing requirements based on stiffness399

17.3 Diaphragm bracing to end gabl400

17.4 Gable bracing when sheeting spans parallel to the length of the buildi403

17.5 Use of diaphragm action as eaves braci403

18.1 Introducti405

18.2 Diaphragm action of floo405

Diaphragms in multi-storey buildings405

18.3 Diaphragm action of walls and partitio407

18.4 Analysis and design of infilled fram408

18.5 Case study of 11-storey fra410

18.6 Economy of frames with profiled steel infil411

19.1 Introducti413

19.2 Economi413

Other considerations413

19.3 Corrosi414

19.4 Divided responsibility415

19.5 Construction and the provision of wind braci415

19.6 Extensions and changes of occupanc416

19.7 Maintenan416

19.8 Site supervisi417

Complete bibliography on the stressed skin action of light gauge metal cladding421

20.1 Shear panels and their use to stabilise pin-jointed structur421

PART Ⅲ BIBLIOGRAPHY421

20.2 Interaction of steel sheet cladding and rigid-jointed steel fra428

20.3 Light gauge steel folded plate structures431

20.4 Light gauge steel hyperbolic paraboloi432

20.5 Light gauge steel cylindrical shel434

20.6 Fasteners for light gauge steel diaphrag434

20.7 Diaphragms of aluminium or other materia436

10.1 Introduction2070